Table_3_Causality of unsaturated fatty acids and psoriasis a Mendelian randomization study.DOCX

BackgroundMany observational studies have identified a link between unsaturated fatty acids and psoriasis. However, they contain reverse causality and confounding factors, and there is no definite causal study between unsaturated fatty acids and psoriasis.ObjectivesAnalysis of causality between unsaturated fatty acids and psoriasis by Mendelian randomization.MethodsWe used IEU Open GWAS Project, omega-3 PUFA and omega-6 PUFA data from 114,999 subjects, MUFA data from 13,535 subjects, and psoriasis data from 4,510 cases and 212,242 controls were included. We employed the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method as the primary analytical approach and four additional MR methods. Moreover, we performed heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy assessments using Cochrane’s Q and MR-Egger intercept tests, respectively. Finally, we performed sensitivity analyses to enhance our findings’ precision and veracity.ResultsIVW results showed no causal effect of omega-3 PUFA on psoriasis (p = 0.334; OR, 0.909; 95% CI, 0.748–1.104), omega-6 PUFA cause psoriasis (p = 0.046; OR, 1.174; 95% CI, 1.003–1.374), MUFA cause psoriasis (p = 0.032; OR, 1.218; 95% CI, 1.018–1.457), no causal effect of omega-3 PUFA in psoriasis (p = 0.695; OR, 0.989; 95% CI, 0.937–1.044), no causal effect of omega-6 PUFA in psoriasis (p = 0.643; OR, 1.013; 95% CI, 0.960–1.068), psoriasis is not causal to MUFA (p = 0.986; OR, 1.000; 95% CI, 0.949–1.055). Heterogeneity, horizontal pleiotropy, and sensitivity analyses showed reliable results.ConclusionWe found that circulating omega-6 PUFA and MUFA cause psoriasis, while omega-3 PUFA do not. Treatments that lower circulating omega-6 PUFA and MUFA are effective in psoriasis. After a better understanding of fatty acid intake and circulation, the population can be advised to regulate their diet.</p

Table_2_Causality of unsaturated fatty acids and psoriasis a Mendelian randomization study.DOCX

BackgroundMany observational studies have identified a link between unsaturated fatty acids and psoriasis. However, they contain reverse causality and confounding factors, and there is no definite causal study between unsaturated fatty acids and psoriasis.ObjectivesAnalysis of causality between unsaturated fatty acids and psoriasis by Mendelian randomization.MethodsWe used IEU Open GWAS Project, omega-3 PUFA and omega-6 PUFA data from 114,999 subjects, MUFA data from 13,535 subjects, and psoriasis data from 4,510 cases and 212,242 controls were included. We employed the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method as the primary analytical approach and four additional MR methods. Moreover, we performed heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy assessments using Cochrane’s Q and MR-Egger intercept tests, respectively. Finally, we performed sensitivity analyses to enhance our findings’ precision and veracity.ResultsIVW results showed no causal effect of omega-3 PUFA on psoriasis (p = 0.334; OR, 0.909; 95% CI, 0.748–1.104), omega-6 PUFA cause psoriasis (p = 0.046; OR, 1.174; 95% CI, 1.003–1.374), MUFA cause psoriasis (p = 0.032; OR, 1.218; 95% CI, 1.018–1.457), no causal effect of omega-3 PUFA in psoriasis (p = 0.695; OR, 0.989; 95% CI, 0.937–1.044), no causal effect of omega-6 PUFA in psoriasis (p = 0.643; OR, 1.013; 95% CI, 0.960–1.068), psoriasis is not causal to MUFA (p = 0.986; OR, 1.000; 95% CI, 0.949–1.055). Heterogeneity, horizontal pleiotropy, and sensitivity analyses showed reliable results.ConclusionWe found that circulating omega-6 PUFA and MUFA cause psoriasis, while omega-3 PUFA do not. Treatments that lower circulating omega-6 PUFA and MUFA are effective in psoriasis. After a better understanding of fatty acid intake and circulation, the population can be advised to regulate their diet.</p

Table_1_Causality of unsaturated fatty acids and psoriasis a Mendelian randomization study.DOCX

BackgroundMany observational studies have identified a link between unsaturated fatty acids and psoriasis. However, they contain reverse causality and confounding factors, and there is no definite causal study between unsaturated fatty acids and psoriasis.ObjectivesAnalysis of causality between unsaturated fatty acids and psoriasis by Mendelian randomization.MethodsWe used IEU Open GWAS Project, omega-3 PUFA and omega-6 PUFA data from 114,999 subjects, MUFA data from 13,535 subjects, and psoriasis data from 4,510 cases and 212,242 controls were included. We employed the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method as the primary analytical approach and four additional MR methods. Moreover, we performed heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy assessments using Cochrane’s Q and MR-Egger intercept tests, respectively. Finally, we performed sensitivity analyses to enhance our findings’ precision and veracity.ResultsIVW results showed no causal effect of omega-3 PUFA on psoriasis (p = 0.334; OR, 0.909; 95% CI, 0.748–1.104), omega-6 PUFA cause psoriasis (p = 0.046; OR, 1.174; 95% CI, 1.003–1.374), MUFA cause psoriasis (p = 0.032; OR, 1.218; 95% CI, 1.018–1.457), no causal effect of omega-3 PUFA in psoriasis (p = 0.695; OR, 0.989; 95% CI, 0.937–1.044), no causal effect of omega-6 PUFA in psoriasis (p = 0.643; OR, 1.013; 95% CI, 0.960–1.068), psoriasis is not causal to MUFA (p = 0.986; OR, 1.000; 95% CI, 0.949–1.055). Heterogeneity, horizontal pleiotropy, and sensitivity analyses showed reliable results.ConclusionWe found that circulating omega-6 PUFA and MUFA cause psoriasis, while omega-3 PUFA do not. Treatments that lower circulating omega-6 PUFA and MUFA are effective in psoriasis. After a better understanding of fatty acid intake and circulation, the population can be advised to regulate their diet.</p

Table_2_Identification of immune-associated genes in diagnosing osteoarthritis with metabolic syndrome by integrated bioinformatics analysis and machine learning.docx

BackgroundIn the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), the immune system plays a particularly important role. The purpose of this study was to find key diagnostic candidate genes in OA patients who also had metabolic syndrome.MethodsWe searched the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database for three OA and one MetS dataset. Limma, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and machine learning algorithms were used to identify and analyze the immune genes associated with OA and MetS. They were evaluated using nomograms and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and finally, immune cells dysregulated in OA were investigated using immune infiltration analysis.ResultsAfter Limma analysis, the integrated OA dataset yielded 2263 DEGs, and the MetS dataset yielded the most relevant module containing 691 genes after WGCNA, with a total of 82 intersections between the two. The immune-related genes were mostly enriched in the enrichment analysis, and the immune infiltration analysis revealed an imbalance in multiple immune cells. Further machine learning screening yielded eight core genes that were evaluated by nomogram and diagnostic value and found to have a high diagnostic value (area under the curve from 0.82 to 0.96).ConclusionEight immune-related core genes were identified (FZD7, IRAK3, KDELR3, PHC2, RHOB, RNF170, SOX13, and ZKSCAN4), and a nomogram for the diagnosis of OA and MetS was established. This research could lead to the identification of potential peripheral blood diagnostic candidate genes for MetS patients who also suffer from OA.</p

Table_1_Identification of immune-associated genes in diagnosing osteoarthritis with metabolic syndrome by integrated bioinformatics analysis and machine learning.docx

BackgroundIn the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), the immune system plays a particularly important role. The purpose of this study was to find key diagnostic candidate genes in OA patients who also had metabolic syndrome.MethodsWe searched the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database for three OA and one MetS dataset. Limma, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and machine learning algorithms were used to identify and analyze the immune genes associated with OA and MetS. They were evaluated using nomograms and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and finally, immune cells dysregulated in OA were investigated using immune infiltration analysis.ResultsAfter Limma analysis, the integrated OA dataset yielded 2263 DEGs, and the MetS dataset yielded the most relevant module containing 691 genes after WGCNA, with a total of 82 intersections between the two. The immune-related genes were mostly enriched in the enrichment analysis, and the immune infiltration analysis revealed an imbalance in multiple immune cells. Further machine learning screening yielded eight core genes that were evaluated by nomogram and diagnostic value and found to have a high diagnostic value (area under the curve from 0.82 to 0.96).ConclusionEight immune-related core genes were identified (FZD7, IRAK3, KDELR3, PHC2, RHOB, RNF170, SOX13, and ZKSCAN4), and a nomogram for the diagnosis of OA and MetS was established. This research could lead to the identification of potential peripheral blood diagnostic candidate genes for MetS patients who also suffer from OA.</p

Table_1_Contemporary Chinese dietary pattern: Where are the hidden risks?.DOCX

BackgroundWith the rapid improvement in economy and lifestyle, dietary risk-related diseases have become a public health problem worldwide. However, the health effects of dietary risk over time have not been fully clarified in China. Here, we explored the temporal trends in the death burden of unhealthy dietary habits in China and benchmark dietary risk challenges in China to G20 member states.MethodSex–age-specific burdens due to dietary risk in China were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019, including annual numbers and age-standardized rates (ASRs) of death, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and summary exposure values (SEVs) during 1990–2019. The variation trend of ASRs was evaluated by estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs).ResultBetween 1990 and 2019, the number of dietary risk-based death and DALYs increased significantly in China with an overall downward trend of ASDR and ASR-DALYs. Ischemic heart disease was the first cause of death from diet, followed by stroke and colon and rectum cancers. Chinese men were at greater risk than women for diet-related death and DALYs. Further analysis showed that a high sodium diet has always been the “No. 1 killer” that threatens the health of Chinese residents. The death burden of dietary risk demonstrated an increasing trend with age, and the peak was reached in people over 75 years. Compared with other G20 countries, Japan and South Korea have the most similar dietary patterns to China with the character of high sodium intake. Notably, decreased whole grain intake, as the primary dietary risk attributable to death and DALYs burden in the United States and European countries, had already ranked second in China's dietary risks.ConclusionChina's dietary burden cannot be ignored. Chinese residents should pay more attention to the collocation of dietary nutrients, especially men and 75+ years (elderly) people. Targeted dietary adjustments can significantly reduce deaths and DALYs in China.</p

Average unit cost of conventional DST.

<p>Average unit cost of conventional DST.</p

Effect of sensitivity and MDR-TB prevalence on cost of diagnosis using Genechip and conventional DST.

<p>Effect of sensitivity and MDR-TB prevalence on cost of diagnosis using Genechip and conventional DST.</p

Effect of the price of Genechip on the cost of diagnosis.

<p>A–D represents the costs of diagnosing a single case of MDR-TB by Genechip with various sensitivities at various prevalence rates when the price of Genechip is adjusted to 50%, 80%, 150%, and 200% of the current price level.</p

Cost of diagnosing a single case of MDR-TB, taking loss into account.

a<p>The cost of DST calculated based on a rate of specimens positive in smear examination and negative in culture of 91.48% and a validity rate of 99%;</p>b<p>The cost of Genechip calculated based on a validity rate of 85%.</p