Principal Component Analysis to Explore Climate variability of Pakistan

Various studies have reported that global warming causes unstableclimate and many serious impact to physical environment and publichealth. The climatic or environmental structure data was processedby coding, editing, tabulating, recoding, restructuring in terms of retabulating was carried out.Applying different statistical methods,techniques and procedures for the evaluation.To study the globalwarming effects on overall environmental conditions of Pakistan.Annual data of maximum and minimum temperature of four provincialcapitals have been taken from 1947 to 2012. The data isconsideredasrepresentative environmental components, use for further analysis.Time series plot shows difference of behaviors in maximum andminimum temperatures of Karachi and Lahore while bend of Quettaindicates increasing trend and Peshawar shows flat and smooth. Thefit of trend line, maximum temperature of Karachi, has significantregression coefficient b = 0.0504 with p-value 0.000 and R2equal to70.2%. The minimum temperature has decreasing trend but it isinsignificant. The data of Lahore shows decreasing and increasingtrends for maximum and minimum temperatures respectively showsthe differences reducing with the passage of time and expected tohave cooler weather than the past. Quetta and Peshawar temperaturesfit of trend lines and graphs, revealed that both cities getting warmerwith the passage of time.Principal component analysis is performedfor the purpose of finding if there is/are any general environmentalfactor/structure which could be considered as Pakistani climateThe PC1 is constructed by six manifest variables and represent theenvironmental factor called as “Index of Pakistan weather”. Explain42.74% of the total variation. The time series plot of this index seemsto have increasing trend. The PC2 represents the temperature ofKarachi, Quetta and Lahore. PC3 is the contrast between of minimumand maximum temperature. PC4 represents complex contrast betweenmaximum and minimum temperature explain 9.0% of total variation oftemperature. PC5 represent contrast between Karachi and Peshawarweather and its contribution to the total or overall variation of Pakistaniweather is only 3.5%

Solitary langerhans cell histiocytosis of skull: Case report with one-year follow-up

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disorder characterised by increased production of Langerhans-type histiocytes. It is more common in the pediatric age group with a predilection for osseous involvement, though any organ may be involved. A 10-year male child was brought to the neurosurgical clinic with a slow growing painful tender mass on the head. Initial attempt to biopsy the lesion failed due to excessive bleeding. It was later imaged and removed with a frontal craniotomy. Histopathological evaluation along with immunohistochemistry revealed the true nature of the lesion. Follow-up revealed complete excision of the lesion and no recurrence at one-year after surgery

Construction of Index System for Risk Assessment in Supply Chains of Automotive Industry

Automotive industry in Pakistan plays an important role in the economy and is exposed to a variety of supply chain risks but is underprivileged in terms of research. Therefore, to inform the effective and efficient development of the automotive industry, this paper analyses the key risk sources for supply chains of automotive firms using 3 primary sources, 6 secondary sources and 35 risks established from the existing literature on supply chain risk. To testify the proposed index system, data of 101 questionnaires were employed to SPSS 25 to perform reliability and validity checks. Afterwards, factors analysis was performed to get the final risk assessment index system, which confirmed that supply chain risks in the automotive industry are classified in three primary sources, internal risks, external risks and stream risks. Six secondary sources, macro risks, industry risks, organizational risks, operational risks, upstream risks and downstream risks; and 35 risks in total

Cross-Language Speech Emotion Recognition Using Multimodal Dual Attention Transformers

Despite the recent progress in speech emotion recognition (SER), state-of-the-art systems are unable to achieve improved performance in cross-language settings. In this paper, we propose a Multimodal Dual Attention Transformer (MDAT) model to improve cross-language SER. Our model utilises pre-trained models for multimodal feature extraction and is equipped with a dual attention mechanism including graph attention and co-attention to capture complex dependencies across different modalities and achieve improved cross-language SER results using minimal target language data. In addition, our model also exploits a transformer encoder layer for high-level feature representation to improve emotion classification accuracy. In this way, MDAT performs refinement of feature representation at various stages and provides emotional salient features to the classification layer. This novel approach also ensures the preservation of modality-specific emotional information while enhancing cross-modality and cross-language interactions. We assess our model's performance on four publicly available SER datasets and establish its superior effectiveness compared to recent approaches and baseline models.Comment: Under Review IEEE TM

Association of depression with treatment outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A cross-sectional study from Karachi, Pakistan

Background: To assess the associations of depression with glycemic control and compliance to self-care activities in adult Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary-care hospital in Karachi (Aga Khan University Hospital). Equal numbers of depressed and non-depressed Patients were consecutively recruited from the diabetic clinic. Information on demographic and clinical characteristics was collected in face-to-face interviews and from medical records. Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) was used to measure depression. Associations of depressed status (HADS \u3e= 8) with poor glycemic control (Hemoglobin A1c level \u3e= 7%) and compliance to self-care activities were assessed by logistic regression analyses. Results: A total of 286 Patients were included in this study with a male-female ratio of 1.2:1. Mean age was 52 years and in 64.7% of them, the duration of diabetes was more than 3 years. Depressed Patients were more likely to be female (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.88, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.07-3.31), had a family history of diabetes (OR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.26-5.55), and poor glycemic control (OR = 5.57, 95% CI = 2.88-10.76) compared with non-depressed Patients. Depression was also associated with low compliance to self-care activities such as taking dose as advised (OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.14-0.73), dietary restrictions (OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.26-0.79) and foot care (OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.18-0.83). Conclusions: Adult Patients with Type 2 Diabetes who have depression were more likely to have poor glycemic control and lower compliance to self-care activities, and they might need particular attention during follow-up visits

Investigation of thermal and flow fields above and below the air-water interface during natural convection

Present dissertation describes the turbulent convection in horizontal layers of air and water separated by an evaporative shear-free water surface during natural convection. A detailed analysis of the hydrodynamic turbulent structure on water and air sides is presented in this study. The major portion of the research comprised of experimental investigation in addition to simulation of simultaneous airside and waterside velocity fields. The experimental measurements were made using non-intrusive state-of-the-art techniques, namely particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser induced fluorescence (LIF) for instantaneous measurements of velocity and temperature fields, respectively. The numerical study shows organized bulk vortical motions on air and water sides. The results also show that for unstable thermal stratification the magnitude of the airside velocities is an order of magnitude higher than the waterside velocities. The experimental results show that the water and air flow fields undergo three-dimensional flow interactions which form complex flow patterns. A detailed spectral analysis has been performed to investigate the temporal and spatial scales of turbulent motions induced during natural convection. The wavenumber and frequency spectra showed the existence of two distinct power law regimes. In low wavenumber (100 rad/m < k < 800 rad/m) and low frequency (0.06 Hz < f < 0.8 Hz) ranges, the spectra exhibit -3 slopes providing the first evidence of the existence of the buoyancy subrange in the waterside flow field during natural convection, where the energy loss is due to the work against buoyancy. At higher wavenumbers and frequencies, the inertial subrange with the classical slope of -5/3 is observed. The results also show that the scaling parameters proposed for wall-bounded natural convection are also suitable for natural convection across evaporative air-water interface. The average temperature profiles show a characteristic boundary layer distribution in the near surface region with an extensive core of constant temperature in the bulk. The temperature profiles within the conduction layer are found to be in good agreement with previous theoretical and experimental results. The present results show z -1 dependency in the thermal source layer and z -1/3 dependency in the bulk region away from the interface which are in good agreement with the past theoretical analysis

Freehand pedicle screw fixation: A safe recipe for dorsal, lumbar and sacral spine

Objective: To determine outcome of freehand pedicle screw fixation for dorsal, lumbar and sacral fractures at a tertiary care centre in the developing world.Methods: A retrospective review was performed of 150 consecutive patients who underwent pedicle screw fixation from January 1, 2012 to 31st December 2017. A total of 751 pedicle screws were placed. Incidence and extent of cortical breach by misplaced pedicle screw was determined by review of intra-operative and post-operative radiographs and/or computed tomography.Results: Among the total 751 free hand placed pedicle screws, four screws (0.53%) were repositioned due to a misdirected trajectory towards the disc space. six screws (0.79%) were identified to have cause moderate breach while four screws (0.53%) cause severe breach. There was no occurrence of iatrogenic nerve root damage or violation of the spinal canal.Conclusion: Free hand pedicle screw placement based on external landmarks showed remarkable safety and accuracy in our center. The authors conclude that assiduous adherence to technique and preoperative planning is vital to success

Decoupled Downlink and Uplink Access for Aerial Terrestrial Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

To enable reliable connectivity in highly dynamic and dense communication environments, aerial-terrestrial heterogeneous cellular networks (AT-HCNs) have been proposed as a plausible enhancement to the conventional terrestrial HCNs (T-HCNs). In dense urban scenarios, users are often located in clusters and demand high bandwidth in both downlink (DL) and uplink (UL). We investigate this scenario and model the spatial distribution of clustered users using a Matern cluster process (MCP). Based on our analysis we then argue that decoupling of DL and UL in such a setting can significantly improve coverage performance and spectral efficiency. We further obtain closed-form expressions for the system coverage probability, spectral efficiency, and energy efficiency by using the Fox H-function. The obtained results confirm the validity of the proposed analytical model. Our simulations further indicate a significant performance improvement using decoupled access and provide quantitative insights on AT-HCN system design

Digitized Engineering Notebook

The GSURobotics.org is a Digitized Engineering web based application which will allow the students to upload projects details thru the website. Each team needs to create their account and can be able to create or edit their project details such as texts, images or even the team videos. It’s an annual robotics competition where in each team will be reviewed by a team of pioneers and awards will be facilitated to the team that shows creativity and innovation. The competition is completely online. Goals • Challenge students to apply skills in creative ways. • Encourage participation by the public and private firms. • Integrate technology and creativity skills. It’s a new application which can provide the following: • Competitions are open to all school clubs. • Each team can submit as many projects as they want. • There is no time limit for the projects. • Projects will be ranked for their creativity, structure, and their functions. • As per the project deadline the application will be released on April 17 2017. Methods or Algorithms: GSURobotics.com is a rock-solid web application and easy to navigate, dynamic web application with multiple features. We have planned to implement this project by using ASP.net technology for the front end and to store the data in the backend we will be using SQL server. The front page will guide for the team registration. Once the registration is done then the student can upload their project with the project documents, videos and images