Environmental fluctuations of the Lake Chany complex in western Siberia based on NOAA images

The Lake Chany complex, located in Western Siberia, consists of the large shallow lakes with an average depth of about 2m. The lake area fluctuates according to water level that depends closely on the amount of inflow( snow-melt) and the evaporation, since the lake complex has no outflow river. Based on NOAA/AVHRR satellite normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data of the ice-free periods in 2000 and 2001, we evaluated the seasonal changes in the lake area and the surroundingu vegetations of the Lake Chany complex. In late April or early May, the maximum lake area was abserved and the lake area decreased drastically until late May or early June. Then, the lake area decreased gradually from early June to late August. The lake area in August was about 70% of the maximum. Then, the area tends to increase by early October. Compared with the ground truth in August 2001, the seasonally fluctuated areas on NOAA images corresponded to the vast vegetations with several km in width of reed (Phragmites communis) stands which seem to be influenced by the inflow of snow meltwater and the growth of reeds.Article信州大学山地水環境教育研究センター研究報告 2: 1-4(2004)departmental bulletin pape

Formal [4+2] cycloaddition of cyclobutanones bearing alkyne-cobalt complex at their 3-positions

Cyclobutanones bearing an alkyne-cobalt complex at their 3-positions reacted with aldehydes to give formal [4+2] cycloadducts by using tin(IV) chloride as a Lewis acid. Highly substituted tetrahydropyrone derivatives were stereoselectively prepared by this method. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Ring cleavage and successive aldol reaction of 3-[(Trialkylsilyl)methyl] cyclobutanones

3-[(Trialkylsilyl)methyl]cyclobutanones reacted with aldehydes by activation with titanium(IV) chloride to give acyclic β,γ;- unsaturated β′-hydroxyketones. © 2011 American Chemical Society

An efficient procedure for preparation of 2-monoalkyl or 2-monoaryl-3-ethoxycyclobutanones

金沢大学医薬保健研究域薬学系Optimized reaction conditions for the preparation of various 2-monosubstituted 3-ethoxycyclobutanones are described. 2-Monoalkyl 3-ethoxycyclobutanones were efficiently prepared by the reaction of the corresponding carboxylic acid chlorides and an excess amount of ethyl vinyl ether in the presence of diisopropylethylamine at 90 °C in a sealed tube. 2-Monoaryl 3-ethoxycyclobutanones were prepared by using 2,6-lutidine as a base in the above-mentioned procedure. © 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Ring cleavage and successive aldol reaction of 3-[(Trialkylsilyl)methyl] cyclobutanones

3-[(Trialkylsilyl)methyl]cyclobutanones reacted with aldehydes by activation with titanium(IV) chloride to give acyclic β,γ;- unsaturated β′-hydroxyketones. © 2011 American Chemical Society

CXCL10 REGULATION BY THYMIDINE PHOSPHORYLASE IN RA

The sworn affidavit of Stephen R. Wee and attachment, Establishment of the Coeur d\u27Alene Indian Reservation and the Transformation of Coeur d\u27Alene Land and Water Use, From Contract Through Allotment, in support thereof

EWS/ETS Regulates the Expression of the Dickkopf Family in Ewing Family Tumor Cells

BACKGROUND: The Dickkopf (DKK) family comprises a set of proteins that function as regulators of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and has a crucial role in development. Recent studies have revealed the involvement of this family in tumorigenesis, however their role in tumorigenesis is still remained unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We found increased expression of DKK2 but decreased expression of DKK1 in Ewing family tumor (EFT) cells. We showed that EFT-specific EWS/ETS fusion proteins enhance the DKK2 promoter activity, but not DKK1 promoter activity, via ets binding sites (EBSs) in the 5' upstream region. EWS/ETS-mediated transactivation of the promoter was suppressed by the deletion and mutation of EBSs located upstream of the DKK2 gene. Interestingly, the inducible expression of EWS/ETS resulted in the strong induction of DKK2 expression and inhibition of DKK1 expression in human primary mesenchymal progenitor cells that are thought to be a candidate of cell origin of EFT. In addition, using an EFT cell line SK-ES1 cells, we also demonstrated that the expression of DKK1 and DKK2 is mutually exclusive, and the ectopic expression of DKK1, but not DKK2, resulted in the suppression of tumor growth in immuno-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggested that DKK2 could not functionally substitute for DKK1 tumor-suppressive effect in EFT. Given the mutually exclusive expression of DKK1 and DKK2, EWS/ETS regulates the transcription of the DKK family, and the EWS/ETS-mediated DKK2 up-regulation could affect the tumorigenicity of EFT in an indirect manner

Novel Mouse Xenograft Models Reveal a Critical Role of CD4+ T Cells in the Proliferation of EBV-Infected T and NK Cells

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a ubiquitous B-lymphotropic herpesvirus, ectopically infects T or NK cells to cause severe diseases of unknown pathogenesis, including chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV) and EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH). We developed xenograft models of CAEBV and EBV-HLH by transplanting patients' PBMC to immunodeficient mice of the NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγnull strain. In these models, EBV-infected T, NK, or B cells proliferated systemically and reproduced histological characteristics of the two diseases. Analysis of the TCR repertoire expression revealed that identical predominant EBV-infected T-cell clones proliferated in patients and corresponding mice transplanted with their PBMC. Expression of the EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), and LMP2, but not EBNA2, in the engrafted cells is consistent with the latency II program of EBV gene expression known in CAEBV. High levels of human cytokines, including IL-8, IFN-γ, and RANTES, were detected in the peripheral blood of the model mice, mirroring hypercytokinemia characteristic to both CAEBV and EBV-HLH. Transplantation of individual immunophenotypic subsets isolated from patients' PBMC as well as that of various combinations of these subsets revealed a critical role of CD4+ T cells in the engraftment of EBV-infected T and NK cells. In accordance with this finding, in vivo depletion of CD4+ T cells by the administration of the OKT4 antibody following transplantation of PBMC prevented the engraftment of EBV-infected T and NK cells. This is the first report of animal models of CAEBV and EBV-HLH that are expected to be useful tools in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of the diseases