Pharmacokinetic comparisons of Paeoniflorin and Paeoniflorin-6'O-benzene sulfonate in rats via different routes of administration

<p>1. The pharmacokinetics study of Paeoniflorin (Pae) and its acylated derivative (CP-25) was performed.</p> <p>2. The structure of CP-25 was identified by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The rats were injected with CP-25(6, 12, 24 mg/kg) and orally treated with CP-25 (32, 64, 128 mg/kg), respectively. An high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay was developed to determine the plasma concentrations of Pae and CP-25.</p> <p>3. The results of MS and NMR showed that the acylated product was Pae-6'O-benzene sulfonate (CP-25). The plasma levels in oral CP-25 groups were detectable, whereas those of Pae in the oral groups (25 and 50 mg/kg) were undetectable. More specifically, the <i>C</i>_max values of oral CP-25 were 0.12, 0.19 and 0.44 μg/ml, and the corresponding <i>t</i>_1/2β of CP-25 were 1.44, 2.12 and 2.11 h, respectively. In addition, the <i>t</i>_1/2β values of intravenous CP-25 were 161.99, 152.81 and 153.76 min, respectively.</p> <p>4. Compared with the venous pharmacokinetics parameters of Pae, those of the <i>t</i>_1/2β, <i>MRT, Vd</i> and <i>CL/F</i> in the CP-25 groups increased noticeably. As expected, compared with oral parameters of Pae, those of <i>t</i>_1/2a, <i>t</i>_1/2β, <i>AUC, MRT</i> and <i>Vd</i> in the CP-25 group increased obviously. Finally, the absolute bioavailability of Pae and CP-25 were 3.6 and 10.6%, respectively.</p> <p>5. Our results indicate that CP-25 is characterized by improved absorption, well distribution, lower clearance, long mean residence time, and moderate bioavailability in rats.</p

Interfacial Solid-Phase Chemical Modification with Mannich Reaction and Fe(III) Chelation for Designing Lignin-Based Spherical Nanoparticle Adsorbents for Highly Efficient Removal of Low Concentration Phosphate from Water

Advanced adsorption of low concentration phosphate by low cost lignin-based adsorbents from water or wastewater is an economic and effective way to prevent the occurrence of eutrophication. In this work, lignin, a waste material recovered from black liquor, was treated with a simple interfacial solid-phase chemical modification method to design a high efficiency phosphate adsorbent. First, the lignin was modified by triethylenetetramine (TETA) with the Mannich reaction, and then Fe­(III) was chelated onto the aminated lignin. An efficient low concentration phosphate adsorption was observed by the kinetics experiments, which followed pseudo-second-order kinetically. The adsorption isotherms and thermodynamics were examined. This adsorbent was characterized by FTIR, SEM, particle size analysis, ζ potential analysis, and XPS. FTIR and XPS analyses indicated that iron atom was the binding site for phosphate adsorption. SEM pictures suggested that the adsorbent was uniformly ball-shaped and the particle size was about 450 nm. Both the adsorption experiments and characterization demonstrated that the phosphate adsorption mechanism of Fe­(III)-complexed lignin (Fe-CL) followed the complexation mechanism between iron and phosphate on Fe-CL. This study implied that biomass-based lignin could be used as a potential adsorbent for efficient removal of low concentration phosphate from water or wastewater

Blocking C5L2 decreased C5a-primed neutrophils for ANCA-induced respiratory burst.

<p>Neutrophil respiratory burst induced by patient-derived MPO-ANCA (A) or PR3-ANCA (C) was measured by conversion of dihydrorhodamine-123 (DHR-123) to rhodamine-123 in C5a-primed cells in the presence and absence of blocking C5L2 mAb. Bars represent mean±SD of 4 MPO-ANCA and 2 PR3-ANCA IgG preparations, each measured on neutrophils of 10 independent experiments and donors. B and D: representative histograms showing effects of the blocking C5L2 mAb at 2.5 µg/ml, 5 µg/ml or 10 µg/ml on MPO-ANCA positive IgG or PR3-ANCA positive IgG-induced respiratory brust in C5a-primed neutrophils.</p

Blocking C5L2 decreased C5a-primed neutrophils for ANCA-induced degranulation.

<p>ANCA-induced neutrophil degranulation was determined by measuring the lactoferrin concentrations in the supernatant. Blocking C5L2 reduced ANCA-induced lactoferrin release. Bars represent mean±SD of 4 MPO-ANCA and 2 PR3-ANCA preparations, measured on neutrophils of 10 donors.</p

No effect of CD88 expression by pre-incubation with blocking C5L2 antibody.

<p>No effect of CD88 expression by pre-incubation with blocking C5L2 antibody.</p

Blocking C5L2 decreased MPO concentration in the supernatant of C5a-primed neutrophils.

<p>MPO concentration was measured in the supernatant of C5a-primed neutrophils by ELISA. A: Human neutrophils were isolated and incubated with different concentrations of C5a for 15 min (n = 3). MPO concentration was measured in the supernatant of C5a-primed neutrophils and compared with non-stimulated cells. Bars denote means±SD of MPO concentration. B: Blocking C5L2 reduced MPO concentration in the supernatant of C5a-primed neutrophils. Bars represent mean±SD of MPO concentration, measured in the neutrophils supernatant of 6 independent experiments.</p

Blocking CD88 decreased ANCA antigen translocation, ANCA-induced respiratory burst and degranulation in C5a-primed neutrophils.

<p>A: blocking CD88 reduced MPO concentration in the supernatant of C5a-primed neutrophils. Bars represent mean±SD of MPO concentration, measured in the neutrophils supernatant of 6 independent experiments. B: blocking CD88 decreased C5a-primed neutrophils expression of membrane-bound PR3 (mPR3). C and D: blocking CD88 decreased C5a-primed neutrophils for ANCA-induced respiratory burst. E and F: blocking CD88 decreased C5a-primed neutrophils for ANCA-induced degranulation. Bars represent mean±SD of repeated measurements on neutrophils of 6 independent experiments and donors.</p

Multiresponsive Kinematics and Robotics of Surface-Patterned Polymer Film

Soft robots, sensors, and energy harvesters require materials that are capable of converting external stimuli to visible deformations, especially when shape-programmable deformations are desired. Herein, we develop a polymer film that can reversibly respond to humidity, heating, and acetone vapors with the generation of shape-programmable large deformations. Poly­(vinylidene fluoride) film, capable of providing acetone responsiveness, is designed with microchannel patterns created on its one side by using templates, and the microchannels-patterned side is then treated with hygroscopic 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to give humidity/heating-responsive elements. The APTES-modified microchannels lead to anisotropic flexural modulus and hygroscopicity in the film, resulting in the shape-programmed kinematics depending on the orientations of surface microchannels. As the microchannels align at oblique/right angles with respect to the long axis of the film strips, the coiling/curling motions can be generated in response to the stimuli, and the better motion performances are found in humidity- and heating-driven systems. This material utilized in self-adaptive soft robots exhibits prominent toughness, powerful strength, and long endurance for converting humidity and heat to mechanical works including transportation of lightweight objects, automatic sensing cap, and mimicking crawling in nature. We thus believe that this material with shape-programmable multisensing capability might be suitable for soft machines and robotics

Legislative Documents

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Multiresponsive Kinematics and Robotics of Surface-Patterned Polymer Film

Soft robots, sensors, and energy harvesters require materials that are capable of converting external stimuli to visible deformations, especially when shape-programmable deformations are desired. Herein, we develop a polymer film that can reversibly respond to humidity, heating, and acetone vapors with the generation of shape-programmable large deformations. Poly­(vinylidene fluoride) film, capable of providing acetone responsiveness, is designed with microchannel patterns created on its one side by using templates, and the microchannels-patterned side is then treated with hygroscopic 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to give humidity/heating-responsive elements. The APTES-modified microchannels lead to anisotropic flexural modulus and hygroscopicity in the film, resulting in the shape-programmed kinematics depending on the orientations of surface microchannels. As the microchannels align at oblique/right angles with respect to the long axis of the film strips, the coiling/curling motions can be generated in response to the stimuli, and the better motion performances are found in humidity- and heating-driven systems. This material utilized in self-adaptive soft robots exhibits prominent toughness, powerful strength, and long endurance for converting humidity and heat to mechanical works including transportation of lightweight objects, automatic sensing cap, and mimicking crawling in nature. We thus believe that this material with shape-programmable multisensing capability might be suitable for soft machines and robotics