Measuring Students’ Awareness Of Using Antibiotics In Treating Respiratory Tract Infections In Universities Of Baghdad, 2020-2021.

Background: The emergence and spread of pathogenic bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics have become a major public health concern. The incorrect prescription, inappropriate consumption, and excess use of antimicrobial drugs, specifically antibiotics, are possibly the main factors contributing to the widespread antibiotic-resistant bacteria.This study aims to assess the prevalence of students who use antibiotics without consulting doctors in Baghdad Universities, check which antibiotic is more frequently being used as over-the-counter (OTC), and determine the regularity of antibiotics intake. Subjects and Method:  This cross-sectional study was conducted between 2020/October and 2021/January in Baghdad (Iraq) in which 150 students from many universities completed an online questionnaire that included student’s name , gender , age , university & college, stage, smoking status, and clinical information about the disease and the antibiotics regarding the type, duration, and improvement. Statistical calculations were conducted using SPSS Statistics and Microsoft Office Excel. Results: High rates of antibiotics without a prescription were identified in our study: 62.7%. The drug most often used for self-medication was amoxicillin (60.6%). Antibiotic use, duration of treatment and outcome did not show an association with any of the cross-tabulated variables (p > 0.05). On the other hand, antibiotic type showed a significant association with gender (p=0.015) and smoking status (p=0.023) but no significant association with other variables (p > 0.05). 32.5% ofamoxicillin and azithromycin users took the antibiotics regularly in the full course. Regularity of amoxicillin or azithromycin intake did not show a significant association with either gender or stage. Conclusion: Self-medicated antibiotics are a very common practice among students in our study, especially medical ones. Amoxicillin is the most widely used antibiotic. Many students who participated in our study don’t have any idea about the full course of using antibiotics. Keywords: Antibiotics, awareness, Respiratory Tract Infection, Students of Baghdad Universities

Effect of adding blue-green algae, probiotic and antibiotic to the diet on the productive performance of common carp Cyprinus carpio L.

This current study aimed to study the effect of adding blue-green algae (Spirulina), symbiotic (poultry star®me) at a ratio of 1 to 2% and colistin antibiotic to the control diet of common carp fish reared in glass aquariums for 56 days terms of three replicates for each treatment. The growth results showed that the fish fed on the third diet was significantly superior to the fish fed on the other experimental diets in the rate of total and daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feeding efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio criteria over all other experimental diets except for the second diet, 1% spirulina. The fish fed on the second diet significantly outperformed in the precipitated protein criterion and the protein productive value of all the experimental diets under study. The value of crude protein in the edible portion increased significantly when fish were fed on spirulina, symbiotic and antibiotic diets, compared to the control diet, while the percentage of fats in the fish fed on diets containing the food additives under test decreased significantly compared to the control diet. No significant differences were recorded in the percentage of ash. It is evident from what was mentioned above that the best results of the studied criteria were when adding spirulina at had positive effects on growth criteria and food utilization

Seroprevalence of canine hepatitis in stray dogs in Nineveh Province, Iraq

Aim: The current study was conducted to explore evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in dogs in Nineveh Province, Iraq. Materials and Methods: Serum samples of 78 dogs were used to (i) estimate levels of the antibodies against HBV through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and (ii) measure the activity of liver function enzymes. Results: Seropositive dogs for HBV constituted 9% of total tested dogs. The differences in seropositivity among males compared to females and among different ages were not statistically significant. Liver function enzymes analysis revealed a significant increase in the activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase in seropositive dogs compared to those seronegative. Conclusion: Hepatitis B is evident in dogs in Nineveh Province, Iraq, with a significant impact on liver function in affected dogs. It is important to confirm this evidence through molecular tests

Isolation, molecular identification, and pathological lesions of Saprolegnia spp. isolated from common carp, Cyprinus carpio in floating cages in Mosul, Iraq

Background and Aim: Saprolegniasis is a fungal disease that infects freshwater fish. The condition is characterized by a cotton-like appearance in the gills and body. This study aimed to isolate Saprolegnia from common carp, Cyprinus carpio, raised in a floating cage in Wana district, Mosul, Iraq. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from 15 infected fish and examined microbiologically, molecularly, and histopathologically. Saprolegnia DNA was extracted which was amplified using universal primers give a 540 bp DNA fragment, and gill and muscle tissue were also examined for histopathological changes. Results: Isolated colonies of Saprolegnia were characterized by a circular, white cottony appearance with long hair. Lactophenol staining demonstrated hyphae as branched non-septate, transparent masses. The genomic DNA of isolates was consistent with Saprolegnia spp. The infected tissue samples showed variable pathology in gills. Severe hemorrhage and edema were observed in primary gill filaments with hyperplasia in epithelial cells and infusion in secondary gill filaments. Hyphae of Saprolegnia were seen between necrotic and edematous myofiber with inflammatory cells infiltration. Conclusion: Saprolegnia can cause economic impacts through lethal infection of fish. Clinical signs of Saprolegnia infection were confirmed molecularly and microscopically, and these findings were supported by histopathological lesions in gill and muscle tissues

Detection of Mycoplasma bovis in Pneumonic Calves

Mycoplasma bovis is a major pathogen in respiratory diseases of calves and cause an excessive economic loses. The current study was a goal to diagnoses bovine Mycoplasma and chiefly M. bovis from an outbreak of pneumonia in calves that occurred in Mosul city and mainly in Gogjaly village. Forty-two lung samples were collected from slaughtered and dead pneumonic calves in seven herds of imported calves. Extraction and amplification for DNA were conduct from all samples for diagnosis of Mycoplasma and M. bovis by PCR technique. The results have recorded the presence of Mycoplasma in 88.1% of examined lungs and M. bovis was diagnosed in 86.5% of the positive Mycoplasma samples. Finally the present study is the first local study at the moment which diagnoses Mycoplasma in general and mainly M. bovis from pneumonic calves, also according to the results it recommended the use of molecular techniques and principally PCR for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma and M. bovis

ISOLATION OF BACTERIA CAUSING DENTAL CARIES FROM THE CLINICS OF THE COLLEGE OF BILAD AL-RAFIDAYN UNIVERSITY

This study deals with Isolation of bacteria causing dental caries from the Forty samples (male and female) were collected from patients attending the clinics of the Department of Dentistry at Bilad Al-Rafidayn University College for the period 7/11/2022 to 4/5/2023. The total of (58) isolates before and after cleaning and tooth extraction collected from male and female samples .After diagnosing these isolates, it was found that.  Streptococcus (42.5%)   and gram-negative (20%) before dental work and cleaning . The Percentage of Streptococcus after cleaning   (30%) and the  gram-negative rod (7.5%). The percentage of Streptococcus isolated  from tooth extraction (20%) and staphylococcus (2.5%) and gram-negative rod(2.5%). The spacemen were collected from the oral cavity and the culture was on mitis salivarius(Himedia/India) agar base, that was determined by biochemical tests by use of blood agar to detect hemolysis, the results revealed the samples were positive

ISOLATION OF BACTERIA CAUSING DENTAL CARIES FROM THE CLINICS OF THE COLLEGE OF BILAD AL-RAFIDAYN UNIVERSITY

This study deals with Isolation of bacteria causing dental caries from the Forty samples (male and female) were collected from patients attending the clinics of the Department of Dentistry at Bilad Al-Rafidayn University College for the period 7/11/2022 to 4/5/2023. The total of (58) isolates before and after cleaning and tooth extraction collected from male and female samples .After diagnosing these isolates, it was found that.  Streptococcus (42.5%)   and gram-negative (20%) before dental work and cleaning . The Percentage of Streptococcus after cleaning   (30%) and the  gram-negative rod (7.5%). The percentage of Streptococcus isolated  from tooth extraction (20%) and staphylococcus (2.5%) and gram-negative rod(2.5%). The spacemen were collected from the oral cavity and the culture was on mitis salivarius(Himedia/India) agar base, that was determined by biochemical tests by use of blood agar to detect hemolysis, the results revealed the samples were positive