Discovery of seven volcanic outbursts on Io from an IRTF observation campaign 2016 to 2022

This study analyzes near-infrared measurements of Io, Jupiter's moon, observed over 170 nights from 2016 to early 2022 using the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF). During this period, seven new volcanic outbursts, the most energetic volcanic events on Io, were discovered and characterized, increasing the total number of observed outburst events from 18 to 25. We also present simplified criteria for the thermal detection of an outburst, requiring it to be both confined to a specific location of Io and above a threshold intensity in the Lp-band (3.8 micron). Our measurements use 2 to 5 micron photometry in eclipse, Jupiter occultation, and reflected sunlight. In addition to extending the observational dataset of Io's dynamic activity, these data provide insights into the temporal and spatial distribution of outbursts on Io. Notably, all seven outbursts were detected in Io's trailing hemisphere. These include Pillan Patera and a newly discovered repeating outburst location at Acala Fluctus. We add these events to the rare category of recurring outbursts, before which Tvashtar was the only known example. We observed that another outburst at UP 254W decreased in Lp-band intensity by a factor of two in 4.5 hours. In August 2021, Io exhibited high volcanic activity when two powerful outbursts rapidly appeared, propagating East. Our findings underscore IRTF's ongoing contributions to the study of Io

Average variability in Ios volcanic activity as inferred by Juno/JIRAM

We discuss variations in the Io radiance observed by Juno/JIRAM in its M-band centered at 4.78 µm on a hemispherical scale and over time.We considered the Io infrared imagery acquired by JIRAM in a four-year period from sequence JM0061 (May 2017) to sequence JM0331 (April 2021). We collapse each Io image into scalar values representative of the mean and median radiance value of its dayside and nightside (geometric quantities associated with each dayside/nightside observation, such as latitude, longitude, phase angle, solar incidence angle, emission angle and local solar time, are also collapsed to their mean and median values).While dayside data require the application of a comprehensive, pixel-by-pixel photometric correction prior to collapsing each image, in nightside data no photometric correction is needed and the measured signal is dominated by the thermal emission of the volcanic vents, because the effect of Jupitershine, when present, is smaller. We repeat the analysis by using "super-resolution" images, each of which represents the average of several JIRAM acquisitions obtained a few minutes apart, which allows for a higher SNR to be achieved.We show trends of mean/median radiance as a function of parameters such as mean/median latitude and longitude, as well as mean/median anomaly, to investigate the potential emergence of correlations between average volcanic activity, location of the major eruptive centers, and location of Io along its orbit. Acknowledgements: JIRAM is funded by the Italian Space Agency (ASI), ASI-INAF contract 2016-23-H.0. The JIRAM instrument was built by Selex ES, under the leadership of the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics, Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology (INAF-IAPS), Rome, Italy. JIRAM is operated by INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy. Support of the Juno Science and Operations Teams is gratefully acknowledged

The Relationship of Maternal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Pregnancy Weight Gain to Neurocognitive Function at Age 10 Years among Children Born Extremely Preterm

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between maternal prepregnancy body mass index and adequacy of pregnancy weight gain in relation to neurocognitive function in school-aged children born extremely preterm. STUDY DESIGN: Study participants were 535 ten-year-old children enrolled previously in the prospective multicenter Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns cohort study who were products of singleton pregnancies. Soon after delivery, mothers provided information about prepregnancy weight. Prepregnancy body mass index and adequacy of weight gain were characterized based on this information. Children underwent a neurocognitive evaluation at 10 years of age. RESULTS: Maternal prepregnancy obesity was associated with increased odds of a lower score for Differential Ability Scales-II Verbal IQ, for Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment-II measures of processing speed and visual fine motor control, and for Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-III Spelling. Children born to mothers who gained an excessive amount of weight were at increased odds of a low score on the Oral and Written Language Scales Oral Expression assessment. Conversely, children whose mother did not gain an adequate amount of weight were at increased odds of a lower score on the Oral and Written Language Scales Oral Expression and Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-III Word Reading assessments. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of infants born extremely preterm, maternal obesity was associated with poorer performance on some assessments of neurocognitive function. Our findings are consistent with the observational and experimental literature and suggest that opportunities may exist to mitigate risk through education and behavioral intervention before pregnancy

A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Effects of Counseling and Alarm Device on HAART Adherence and Virologic Outcomes

Michael Chung and colleagues show that intensive early adherence counseling at HAART initiation resulted in sustained, significant impact on adherence and virologic treatment failure, whereas use of an alarm device had no effect

Girls and Boys Born before 28 Weeks Gestation: Risks of Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neurologic Outcomes at Age 10 Years

To compare the prevalence of cognitive, neurological, and behavioral outcomes at 10 years of age in 428 girls and 446 boys who were born extremely preterm (EP)

Extremely low gestational age and very low birthweight for gestational age are risk factors for autism spectrum disorder in a large cohort study of 10-year-old children born at 23-27 weeks’ gestation

No prospective cohort study of high-risk children has used rigorous exposure assessment and optimal diagnostic procedures to examine the perinatal antecedents of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), separately among those with and without cognitive impairment