Plio-Pleistocene geology of the Lower Pohangina Valley, New Zealand

<p>Plio-Pleistocene sediments exposed in the dissected hill country of the Lower Pohangina Valley and Manawatu Saddle provide a unique record of sedimentation adjacent to the actively uplifting main axial range, North Island, New Zealand. Located in the eastern Whanganui Basin, which has formed behind the active Hikurangi subduction zone, renowned for one of the most comprehensive Quaternary stratigraphic records in the world. The oldest beds in the succession, unconformably overlying Torlesse Group, comprise Mangapanian (3–2.4 Ma) very fine conglomerate, sandstone and mudstone of the Komako Formation. Subsequent deposition of Konewa Formation continued through to late Nukumaruan time (2.4–1.63 Ma), including large tracts of conglomerate now preserved across the Manawatu Saddle, clearly visible from the Saddle Road. Takapari Formation consists of early Castlecliffian (1.63–1 Ma) sediments characterised by a sudden influx of primary volcanic and reworked volcaniclastic material. Distinctive rhyolitic marker beds and molluscan bio-events provide a means of correlating and dating the succession from the Lower Pohangina Valley across the Whanganui Basin. We present the geology of the Lower Pohangina Valley on a 1:30,000 geological map, accompanying cross section and 3D model. A new stratigraphic framework is presented, integrating work in the Komako District, Pohangina Valley with Whanganui Basin stratigraphy through the application of tephrochronology and biostratigraphy. The Lower Pohangina Valley succession provides evidence for marine conditions prevailing across what is now part of the main axial range of New Zealand from c. 3 to 1.6 Ma. An influx of conglomerate, eroded from Torlesse Group, into the sedimentary record during early Nukumaruan time (2.4 Ma) is attributed to an early phase of tectonic uplift along the North Island Dextral Fault Belt (NIDFB), before closure of the ‘Manawatu Strait’ commenced in early Castlecliffian time (1.63 Ma).</p

Additional file 1: of Intratumoral heterogeneity as a source of discordance in breast cancer biomarker classification

ER and PR expression levels among cases with discordant biomarker status between cores, restricting to cases with negative (<1 %) ER and PR expression. Cases are ordered on the X-axis by case-level positivity status. Individual cores are represented by black crosses, and case-level positivity status is represented by red crosses. (TIF 452 kb

Additional file 1: of A survey of microRNA single nucleotide polymorphisms identifies novel breast cancer susceptibility loci in a case-control, population-based study of African-American women

Table S1. Association of the top seven miRNA SNPs from the full analyses with p < 5 × 10−6 in case versus control and case-only subtype analyses. (XLSX 72 kb

Additional file 2: of A survey of microRNA single nucleotide polymorphisms identifies novel breast cancer susceptibility loci in a case-control, population-based study of African-American women

Figure S1. BAIAP2 gene expression (from Gene-Tissue Expression project, GTEx) in human tissues [46]. (DOCX 193 kb

Additional file 2: Figure S1. of Frequency of breast cancer subtypes among African American women in the AMBER consortium

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve in 250 HER2-negative luminal cases (A) and 309 luminal cases (B) regardless of HER2 status, using Ki67 expression to identify PAM50-based luminal B cases. A Ki67 threshold of 7.6% among HER2-negative luminal cases (A) and 7.1% among all luminal cases (B) maximized sensitivity and specificity for identifying PAM50-based luminal B tumors. AUC, area under the curve. (DOCX 43 kb

Additional file 1: of Frequency of breast cancer subtypes among African American women in the AMBER consortium

Supplementary methods. (DOCX 15 kb

Additional file 3: Table S1. of Frequency of breast cancer subtypes among African American women in the AMBER consortium

Classification of luminal breast cancer cases using data from medical records in the AMBER consortium. (DOCX 12 kb

Additional file 5: Table S2. of Frequency of breast cancer subtypes among African American women in the AMBER consortium

Effect of raising the Ki67 threshold on the performance of the IHC-based luminal classification scheme. (DOCX 12 kb

Additional file 4: Figure S2. of Frequency of breast cancer subtypes among African American women in the AMBER consortium

Kernel density plots showing the distribution of Ki67 and PR expression (A and B, respectively) in PAM50-defined luminal A (n = 159) and luminal B (n = 91) subtypes. Analyses were restricted to IHC-based HER2-negative tumors. Vertical lines indicate an 8% threshold for Ki67 (A) and a 20% threshold for PR (B). (DOCX 56 kb