40 research outputs found

    The Impact of Fertility on Mothers' Labour Supply in Australia: Evidence from Exogenous Variation in Family Size

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    This paper estimates the impact of fertility on mothers’ labour supply in Australia, using exogenous variation in family size generated by twin births and the gender mix of siblings. Results show that having more than one child decreases labour market participation by 15.5 percentage points and hours worked by around 6 hours per week. Having more than two children reduces labour market participation by between 12 and 20 percentage points and hours worked by between 3 and 8 hours a week, depending on the instrument used. Interestingly, fathers also reduce both their labour market participation (by 10 percentage points) and their number of hours worked per week (by 4 hours) when having more than one child. Compared with the results obtained with the same methodology for other countries, the effects for Australia are large, which partly reflects the constraints on public childcare and the lack of a national paid parental leave scheme prior to 2011.Fertility, labour market participation, Australia, family policies

    The social multiplier and labour market participation of mothers

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    In France as in the US, the participation of a mother in the labour market is influenced by the sex of her oldest siblings. Same-sex mothers tend to have more children and to work significantly less than the other mothers. In contast, the sex of the oldest siblings does not have any perceptible influence on neighbourhood choices. There is no correlation between the sex of the siblings of a mother and the sex of the siblings of the other mothers living in the same close neighbourhood. Given these facts, the distribution of the sex of the siblings of the other mothers provides us with a plausible instrumental variable to identify the influence of other mothers' participation on a mother's participation in the labour market. Reduced-form analysis reveals that a mother's participation in the labour market is significantly affected by the sex of the oldest siblings of the other mothers living in the same neighbourhood. IV estimates suggest a strong impact of close neighbours' participation in the labour market on individual participation. We compare this result to estimates produced using the distribution of children's quarters of birth to generate instruments. Mothers whose children were born at the end of the year cannot send their children to pre-elementary school as early as the other mothers and participate less in the labour market. Interestingly enough, estimates using the distribution of quarters of birth in the neighbourhood as instruments are as strong as estimates using the sex-mix instruments.Female participation in the labour market, neighbourhood effects, social multiplier.

    Offre de travail des mÚres françaises : l'effet d'une variation exogÚne du nombre d'enfants

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    URL des Documents de travail :http://ces.univ-paris1.fr/cesdp/CESFramDP2007.htmDocuments de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne 2007.74 - ISSN : 1955-611XBetween 1962 and 2005, whereas the activity rate of French men decreased, the activity rate of French women increased from 45,8% to 63,8%. However, women's activity rate remains correlated with the number of children : women with the lowest number of children are also the ones with the highest participation rate in the labour market. To what extent having an additional child reduces the mother's probability to participate in the labour market ? The link between fertility and mothers' participation decisions is complex because they have joint determinants, and influence each other. Hard then to say a priori if the choice of working or not is the cause or the consequence of the decision of having a certain number of children. As Angrist and Evans (1998), we use a source of exogenous and random variation of fertility to measure the causal effect of fertility on French mothers' labour supply. As in the United States, we find that the probability of having a third child is higher among parents with same sex siblings, and that in this case, mothers' participation in the labour market is reduced. Because sex mix is randomly assigned and because it has an effect on participation only through its impact on the probability of having a third child, we produce instrumental variable estimates of the effect of having more than two children on mothers' participation in the labour market. We find that having more than two children reduces significantly the mothers' participation proobability and the hours worked per week. These results are confirmed by the use of twin second birth as the exogenous fertility shock. Also, our results indicate that having more than two children especially affects the labour supply of less graduated mothers but has no effect on fathers' labour supply.Entre 1962 et 2005, alors que le taux d'activitĂ© des hommes français diminuait, le taux d'activitĂ© des femmes françaises augmentait de 45,8% Ă  63,8%. NĂ©anmoins, le taux d'activitĂ© des femmes reste corrĂ©lĂ© avec le nombre d'enfants : plus elles ont un grand nombre d'enfants, plus leur taux d'activitĂ© est faible. Dans quelle mesure l'arrivĂ©e d'un enfant supplĂ©mentaire rĂ©duit-elle la participation des mĂšres au marchĂ© du travail ? La relation entre fĂ©conditĂ© et activitĂ© est complexe car les dĂ©cisions de fĂ©conditĂ© et d'activitĂ© ont des dĂ©terminants communs, et ces dĂ©cisions s'influencent mutuellement. Difficile donc de dire Ă  priori si le choix de travailler ou non est la cause ou la consĂ©quence de la dĂ©cision d'avoir un certain nombre d'enfants. Comme Angrist et Evans (1998), nous utilisons une source de variation exogĂšne et alĂ©atoire de la fĂ©conditĂ© afin de mesurer l'effet causal de la fĂ©conditĂ© sur l'offre de travail des mĂšres françaises. Comme aux Etats-Unis, nous constatons que les parents qui ont deux aĂźnĂ©s de mĂȘme sexe ont une probabilitĂ© plus grande d'avoir un troisiĂšme enfant que les autres, et que dans ce cas, l'activitĂ© des mĂšres est rĂ©duite. Dans la mesure oĂč le sexe des deux aĂźnĂ©s est alĂ©atoire et qu'il n'a pas d'impact sur l'activitĂ© des mĂšres autrement que par son effet sur la probabilitĂ© d'avoir un troisiĂšme enfant, nous estimons par variable instrumentale l'influence causale d'avoir plus de deux enfants sur l'activitĂ© des mĂšres. Nous trouvons qu'avoir plus de deux enfants diminue significativement la probabilitĂ© d'activitĂ© des mĂšres et le nombre d'heures travaillĂ©es par semaine. Ces rĂ©sultats sont confirmĂ©s lorsque l'on utilise le fait d'avoir eu des jumeaux en deuxiĂšme naissance comme choc exogĂšne de fĂ©conditĂ©. Enfin, nous trouvons qu'avoir plus de deux enfants affecte en particulier l'offre de travail des mĂšres moins diplĂŽmĂ©es mais n'a aucun effet sur l'offre de travail des pĂšres

    Mothers' Labour Supply in France: the Causal Effect of Shifting from Two to Three Children

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    Fertility, Mothers' Labour Supply, Labour Market Participation

    Offre de travail des mÚres françaises : l'effet d'une variation exogÚne du nombre d'enfants

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    Entre 1962 et 2005, alors que le taux d'activitĂ© des hommes français diminuait, le taux d'activitĂ© des femmes françaises augmentait de 45,8% Ă  63,8%. NĂ©anmoins, le taux d'activitĂ© des femmes reste corrĂ©lĂ© avec le nombre d'enfants : plus elles ont un grand nombre d'enfants, plus leur taux d'activitĂ© est faible. Dans quelle mesure l'arrivĂ©e d'un enfant supplĂ©mentaire rĂ©duit-elle la participation des mĂšres au marchĂ© du travail ? La relation entre fĂ©conditĂ© et activitĂ© est complexe car les dĂ©cisions de fĂ©conditĂ© et d'activitĂ© ont des dĂ©terminants communs, et ces dĂ©cisions s'influencent mutuellement. Difficile donc de dire Ă  priori si le choix de travailler ou non est la cause ou la consĂ©quence de la dĂ©cision d'avoir un certain nombre d'enfants. Comme Angrist et Evans (1998), nous utilisons une source de variation exogĂšne et alĂ©atoire de la fĂ©conditĂ© afin de mesurer l'effet causal de la fĂ©conditĂ© sur l'offre de travail des mĂšres françaises. Comme aux Etats-Unis, nous constatons que les parents qui ont deux aĂźnĂ©s de mĂȘme sexe ont une probabilitĂ© plus grande d'avoir un troisiĂšme enfant que les autres, et que dans ce cas, l'activitĂ© des mĂšres est rĂ©duite. Dans la mesure oĂč le sexe des deux aĂźnĂ©s est alĂ©atoire et qu'il n'a pas d'impact sur l'activitĂ© des mĂšres autrement que par son effet sur la probabilitĂ© d'avoir un troisiĂšme enfant, nous estimons par variable instrumentale l'influence causale d'avoir plus de deux enfants sur l'activitĂ© des mĂšres. Nous trouvons qu'avoir plus de deux enfants diminue significativement la probabilitĂ© d'activitĂ© des mĂšres et le nombre d'heures travaillĂ©es par semaine. Ces rĂ©sultats sont confirmĂ©s lorsque l'on utilise le fait d'avoir eu des jumeaux en deuxiĂšme naissance comme choc exogĂšne de fĂ©conditĂ©. Enfin, nous trouvons qu'avoir plus de deux enfants affecte en particulier l'offre de travail des mĂšres moins diplĂŽmĂ©es mais n'a aucun effet sur l'offre de travail des pĂšres.FĂ©conditĂ©, offre de travail des mĂšres.

    The social multiplier and labour market participation of mothers

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    URL des Cahiers : https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/CAHIERS-MSE Voir aussi l'article basĂ© sur ce document de travail paru dans "American Economic Journal: Applied Economics", vol. 1, no. 1, January 2009, pp.251-272Cahiers de la Maison des Sciences Economiques 2006.44 - ISSN 1624-0340In France as in the US, the participation of a mother in the labour market is influenced by the sex of her oldest siblings. Same-sex mothers tend to have more children and to work significantly less than the other mothers. In contast, the sex of the oldest siblings does not have any perceptible influence on neighbourhood choices. There is no correlation between the sex of the siblings of a mother and the sex of the siblings of the other mothers living in the same close neighbourhood. Given these facts, the distribution of the sex of the siblings of the other mothers provides us with a plausible instrumental variable to identify the influence of other mothers' participation on a mother's participation in the labour market. Reduced-form analysis reveals that a mother's participation in the labour market is significantly affected by the sex of the oldest siblings of the other mothers living in the same neighbourhood. IV estimates suggest a strong impact of close neighbours' participation in the labour market on individual participation. We compare this result to estimates produced using the distribution of children's quarters of birth to generate instruments. Mothers whose children were born at the end of the year cannot send their children to pre-elementary school as early as the other mothers and participate less in the labour market. Interestingly enough, estimates using the distribution of quarters of birth in the neighbourhood as instruments are as strong as estimates using the sex-mix instruments.En France comme aux Etats-Unis, la participation d'une mĂšre au marchĂ© du travail est influencĂ©e par le sexe de ses aĂźnĂ©s. Les mĂšres ayant des enfants de mĂȘme sexe ont tendance Ă  avoir plus d'enfants et Ă  travailler moins Ă  l'extĂ©rieur du foyer que les autres mĂšres. Par contre, le sexe des aĂźnĂ©s n'a pas d'impact substantiel sur les choix rĂ©sidentiels. Il n'y a aucune corrĂ©lation entre le sexe des aĂźnĂ©s d'une mĂšre et celui des autres mĂšres du voisinage proche. Ainsi, la distribution du sexe des aĂźnĂ©s des voisines constitue une variable instrumentale plausible pour identifier l'influence de la participation des voisines sur la participation d'une mĂšre au marchĂ© du travail. L'analyse en forme rĂ©duite rĂ©vĂšle que la participation d'une mĂšre au marchĂ© du travail est significativement moins forte quand ses voisines ont des aĂźnĂ©s de mĂȘme sexe. Les estimations par variable instrumentale suggĂšrent un impact important de la participation des voisines proches sur la participation individuelle. Nous comparons ensuite ce rĂ©sultat aux estimations obtenues en utilisant la distribution des trimestres de naissance du deuxiĂšme enfant comme instrument. Les mĂšres dont le deuxiĂšme enfant est nĂ© Ă  la fin de l'annĂ©e ne peuvent pas l'inscrire en maternelle aussitĂŽt que les autres et participent plutĂŽt moins au marchĂ© du travail. Les deux instruments donnent des rĂ©sultats trĂšs proches quant Ă  l'influence de la participation des voisines sur la participation individuelle

    Skilled labor supply, IT-based technical change and job instability

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    In this paper, we provide empirical evidence on the impact of IT diffusion on the stability of employment relationships. We document the evolution of the different components of job instability over a panel of 350 local labor markets in France, from the mid 1970s to the early 2000s. Although workers in more educated local labor markets adopt IT faster, they do not experience any increase in job instability. More specifically, we find no evidence that the faster diffusion of IT is associated with any change in job-to-job transitions, and we find that it is associated with relatively less frequent transitions through unemployment. Overall, the evidence goes against the view that the diffusion of IT has spurred job instability. Combining the local labor market variations with firm data, we argue that these findings can be explained by French firms' strong reliance on training and internal promotion strategies in order to meet the new skills requirement associated with IT diffusion

    Skilled labor supply, IT-based technical change and job instability

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    In this paper, we provide empirical evidence on the impact of IT diffusion on the stability of employment relationships. We document the evolution of the different components of job instability over a panel of 350 local labor markets in France, from the mid 1970s to the early 2000s. Although workers in more educated local labor markets adopt IT faster, they do not experience any increase in job instability. More specifically, we find no evidence that the faster diffusion of IT is associated with any change in job-to-job transitions, and we find that it is associated with relatively less frequent transitions through unemployment. Overall, the evidence goes against the view that the diffusion of IT has spurred job instability. Combining the local labor market variations with firm data, we argue that these findings can be explained by French firms' strong reliance on training and internal promotion strategies in order to meet the new skills requirement associated with IT diffusion.Technical change; labor turnover; Skill bias; Job security; Internal labor markets

    Reconciling work and family life: the effect of French family policies

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    URL des Documents de travail : http://ces.univ-paris1.fr/cesdp/cesdp2007.htmlDocuments de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne 2007.73 - ISSN : 1955-611XIn France, having more than two children has a causal negative impact on mothers' labour supply. The question addressed in this paper is whether some family policies alter this effect. The idea is that by improving the conditions of the conciliation between family life and professional life, family policies could reduce the negative impact of having more than two children on mothers' participation. Conversely, some family policies could increase this effect by inciting mothers to have an entry-exit strategy on the labour market according to the different periods of their lives, rather than to reconcile family and professional responsibilities. To address this issue, we focus on two different types of family policy: the paid parental leave and the supply of child care for young kids. To measure the effect of these family policies, we have spotted temporal or spatial changes that modify the conditions in which individual decisions are taken. Firstly, we show that after the July 1994 extension of the Allocation parentale d'Ă©ducation to parents of two children (among which one is less than three years old), that is when families of two and more than two children have the same incentive to take a paid parental leave, having more than two children has no longer a negative effect on the participation probability of mothers. In addition, this is particularly true for young women having no more than the school-leaving certificate, which happen to be the main beneficiaries of the benefit. Secondly, using the heterogeneity in the geographical distribution of two-years-old in pre-elementary public schools, we find that supplying mothers of two years old children with developed child care modifies the effect of fertility on mothers' labour supply and seems to help mothers to better conciliate family and professional life but our estimates are less convincing.En France, avoir plus de deux enfants a un effet causal nĂ©gatif sur l'offre de travail des mĂšres. Cet article pose la question de savoir si certaines politiques familiales altĂ©rent cet effet. L'idĂ©e est qu'en amĂ©liorant les conditions de la conciliation entre vie familiale et vie professionnelle, les politiques familiales peuvent rĂ©duire l'effet nĂ©gatif d'avoir plus de deux enfants sur l'activitĂ© des mĂšres. A l'inverse, certaines politiques familiales peuvent accroĂźtre cet effet en incitant davantage les mĂšres Ă  avoir une stratĂ©gie d'entrĂ©e et de sortie du marchĂ© du travail suivant les pĂ©riodes de leur vie, plutĂŽt que de concilier simultanĂ©ment responsabilitĂ©s familiales et professionnelles. ConcrĂštement, nous nous sommes intĂ©ressĂ©s Ă  deux types de politique familiale : le congĂ© parental d'Ă©ducation rĂ©munĂ©rĂ© et l'offre de garde pour les jeunes enfants. Afin de pouvoir mesurer l'effet de ces politiques familiales, nous avons repĂ©rĂ© des changements temporels ou des diffĂ©rences spatiales de ces politiques qui modifient les conditions dans lesquelles les dĂ©cisions individuelles sont prises. Dans un premier temps, nous trouvons qu'aprĂšs l'extension de l'Allocation parentale d'Ă©ducation aux parents de deux enfants (dont un de moins de trois ans) en juillet 1994, c'est-Ă -dire au moment oĂč les familles de deux et plus de deux enfants ont la mĂȘme possibilitĂ© de prendre un congĂ© parental d'Ă©ducation rĂ©munĂ©rĂ©, avoir plus de deux enfants n'a plus d'effet nĂ©gatif sur la probabilitĂ© d'activitĂ© des mĂšres. Et cela concerne en particulier les femmes jeunes et ayant un diplĂŽme infĂ©rieur ou Ă©gal au baccalaurĂ©at, qui se trouvent ĂȘtre les principales bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires de la mesure. Dans un second temps, en utilisant l'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© dans la distribution gĂ©ographique des taux de scolarisation en maternelle Ă  deux ans, nous trouvons qu'accroĂźtre l'offre de garde peu coĂ»teuse, voire gratuite, modifie l'effet de la fĂ©conditĂ© sur l'offre de travail des mĂšres et semble aider les mĂšres de jeunes enfants Ă  mieux concilier vie familiale et vie professionnelle mais nos estimations sont moins convaincantes

    Trust: The Role of Cultural Background, Social and Economic Conditions

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    Abstract: The objective of this paper is to disentangle the role of cultural background, social and economic conditions in explaining individual levels of trust. Focusing on second generation immigrants in Australia and the United States, we use the variations in cultural backgrounds, as well as variations in social and economic conditions of the two host countries to identify how these components contribute to individual trust. The empirical analysis is based on data from the World Value Survey, the General Social Survey and the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey. Our results indicate that trust in the country of origin is important in explaining trust of second generation immigrants in both host countries, but particularly so in the United States. Social and economic conditions in the host country also contribute to trust, especially reduced criminality in Australia and race inequality in the United States. Evidence for first generation immigrants confirms that the transmission of trust across generations is primarily important in the United States, while differences in trust levels between the two host countries increase with time through acculturation
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