Datasheet1_Evaluating the impact of sickle cell disease on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity: a retrospective cohort study based on electronic health record.docx

BackgroundSickle cell trait/disease (SCT/SCD) are enriched among Black people and associated with various comorbidities. The overrepresentation of these characteristics prevents traditional regression approach obtaining convincing evidence for the independent effect of SCT/SCD on other health outcomes. This study aims to investigate the association between SCT/SCD and COVID-19-related outcomes using causal inference approaches that balance the covariate.MethodsWe leveraged electronic health record (EHR) data from the University of Chicago Medicine between March 2020 and December 2021. Demographic characteristics were retrieved. Medical conditions were identified using ICD-10 codes. Five approaches, including two traditional regression approaches (unadjusted and adjusted) and three causal inference approaches [covariate balancing propensity score (CBPS) matching, CBPS weighting, and CBPS adjustment], were employed.ResultsA total of 112,334 patients were included in the study, among which 504 had SCT and 388 SCD. Patients with SCT/SCD were more likely to be non-Hispanic Black people, younger, female, non-smokers, and had a diagnosis of diabetes, heart failure, asthma, and cerebral infarction. Causal inference approaches achieved a balanced distribution of these covariates while traditional approaches failed. Across these approaches, SCD was consistently associated with COVID-19-related pneumonia (odds ratios (OR) estimates, 3.23 (95% CI: 2.13–4.89) to 2.57 (95% CI: 1.10–6.00)) and pain (OR estimates, 6.51 (95% CI: 4.68–9.06) to 2.47 (95% CI: 1.35–4.49)). While CBPS matching suggested an association between SCD and COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (OR = 2.01, 95% CI: 0.97–4.17), this association was significant in other approaches (OR estimates, 2.96 (95% CI: 1.69–5.18) to 2.50 (95% CI: 1.43–4.37)). No association was observed between SCT and COVID-19-related outcomes in causal inference approaches.ConclusionUsing causal inference approaches, we provide comprehensive evidence for the link between SCT/SCD and COVID-19-related outcomes.</p

Additional file 1: of Blood pressure signature genes and blood pressure response to thiazide diuretics: results from the PEAR and PEAR-2 studies

Figure S1. Mapping statistics for PEAR and PEAR-2 RNA-Seq data. Table S1. Potassium, glucose and uric acid mean changes in participants classified as non-responders after treatment with HCTZ and chlorthalidone. Table S2. Genes previously associated with BP/HTN (34 BP signature genes) and the expression measurements in PEAR and PEAR-2. Table S3. Differences in baseline expression levels for FOS, DUSP1 and PPP1R15A between thiazide diuretics responders and non-responders in PEAR and PEAR-2 with adjustment for age, gender and baseline blood pressure. Figure S2. P-value distribution for association with thiazide diuretics blood pressure response for 20 randomly selected genes. Table S4. Representative trans eQTL for top differentially expressed genes. Figure S3. Linkage disequilibrium plots between rs10655987, rs653178, rs10774625 and rs11066301. (DOCX 5615 kb