Estudio de metabolitos fijos y volátiles en tres morfotipos de cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) procedentes del departamento del Guaviare

La cocona, Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal (Solanaceae), es una especie nativa del trapecio amazónico con potenciales aplicaciones en las industria alimentaria, nutracéutica y cosmética. La variabilidad morfológica guarda correspondencia con la variabilidad en los cambios de hábitat y ecología así como del proceso de domesticación de la especie, sin embargo, poco se conoce sobre las implicaciones que ésta variabilidad morfológica tiene sobre su composición química. El presente estudio pretendió fundamentalmente diferenciar tres variedades de Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal cultivadas en el municipio de San José del Guaviare (Guaviare – Colombia), denominadas morfotipos ovalado (1), redondo pequeño (2) y redondo grande (3) mediante el estudio de sus metabolitos fijos y volátiles, inicialmente durante su etapa de desarrollo y maduración y posteriormente en su madurez fisiológica. El estudio durante la etapa de desarrollo del fruto se llevó a cabo mediante la cuantificación de diversos factores químicos que han sido señalados como indicadores de madurez debido a sus variaciones cuantitativamente apreciables durante esta etapa. A partir de los resultados se logró ubicar el periodo de maduración del fruto entre los días 56 y 70 después de la apertura floral. Se encontró que los ácidos predominantes independientemente al morfotipo evaluado fueron los ácidos cítrico, málico y succínico, siendo el primero el mayoritario durante todo el tiempo de desarrollo y maduración; y los dos últimos, los que junto a los niveles de fructosa y glucosa marcan diferencias significativas entre morfotipos. El comportamiento descendente en la emisión de dióxido de carbono y los niveles no detectables de etileno, además del incremento del ácido mayoritario y la acumulación de azúcares durante la maduración de la fruta son indicativos de su naturaleza no climatérica. Adicionalmente el análisis multivarible de los datos obtenidos permitió establecer que los parámetros más discriminantes entre morfotipos son el contenido de glucosa y sacarosa, y durante el crecimiento y desarrollo del fruto el contenido de ácido cítrico y la variación del tono en el color (expresado como ángulo Hue). Ya fijado el punto óptimo de recolección, la comparación fue realizada mediante el aislamiento, elucidación e identificación de algunos metabolitos fijos y volátiles presentes en la fruta, los cuales podrían ser considerados a futuro para darle un valor de uso a los productos derivados de ésta, por ser un indicador de la calidad organoléptica o nutracéutica intrínseca a cada uno de los morfotipos. Entre sus metabolitos fijos se determinó la presencia de ésteres metílicos, etílicos, ácidos grasos, parafinas, además de compuestos fenólicos como el ácido p-cumárico y la naringenina. La determinación de los compuestos volátiles permitió establecer que están constituidos en su mayoría por ésteres y alcoholes (alifáticos y derivados del ácido benzóico), y que algunos de los constituyentes mayoritarios, como el salicilato de metilo, y los ésteres etílicos de los ácidos propiónico, octanóico y benzóico, son comunes a los tres morfotipos. La comparación realizada sobre los metabolitos secundarios determinados confirmó la heterogeneidad fitoquímica de los tres morfotipos, siendo el de mayor complejidad el morfotipo ovalado. / Abstract. Cocona, Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal (Solanaceae) is a native species to Amazonian trapeze with potential applications in the food, nutraceutical and cosmetic industries. The morphological variability corresponds with the variability in habitat and ecology changes and the domestication process of the species, however, little is known about the implications this morphological variability has in chemical composition. The present study aimed mainly distinguish three varieties of Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal cultivated in San José del Guaviare (Guaviare - Colombia), known as oval (1), small round (2) and big round (3) morphotypes by studying their fixed and volatile metabolites, initially for their stage of development and maturation, and laterfor their physiological maturity. The study during the fruit development stage was carried out by quantifying chemical factors have been identified as maturity indicators due to its significant quantitative variations during this stage. From the results achieved to place the fruit ripening period between days 56 and 70 after anthesis. We found that the predominant acids were citric, malic and succinic acids, the first being the majority at all times of development and maturation, and the last two, which together with the levels of fructose and glucose indicate differences significant differences between morphotypes. The emission of carbon dioxide downward trend and ethylene undetectable levels, as well the increase of highest acid and sugar accumulation during ripening of the fruit are indicative of non-climacteric nature. Additionally multivariate analysis of the data established that the most discriminant parameters between morphotypes are the content of glucose and sucrose, and during growth and development of the fruit citric acid content and variation in color tone (expressed as an angle Hue). Since the optimal set of collection, the comparison was made by isolation, elucidation and identification of some fixed and volatile metabolites present in the fruit, which could be considered in future to give to the products derived from it a use value, because it is an indication of the intrinsic organoleptic or nutraceutical quality of each morphotypes. Among its fixed metabolites was determined the presence of methyl esters, ethyl alcohol, fatty acids, waxes, as well as phenolic compounds p-coumaric acid and naringenin. The determination of volatile compounds established that consist mostly of esters and alcohols (aliphatic and benzoic acid derivatives), and that some of the major constituents, such as methyl salicylate, and ethyl esters of propionic acid, octanoic and benzoic, are common to the three morphotypes. The comparison of certain secondary metabolites confirmed the heterogeneity of the three morphotypes phytochemical, with the more complex the oval morphotype.Maestrí

Multiscale-based bioproduct design with vegetable extracts of promising amazonian species

"Using innovative bioprospection techniques not only allows to find biological species that could be used as a primary source for obtaining new products, but also to develop those new products and to design their industrial production. This project proposes a multiscale approach as a rational bioprospection way to design emulsions constituted mainly by natural ingredients. The oil phase was obtained from some fruits of Arecaceae species from Colombiaþs amazon region, while the evaluated surfactants were two outer membrane proteins (OmpA and OmpN) obtained from Escherichia coli culture. This approach allowed us to understand how properties at different scales relate to each other, to evaluate the effect of process and product formulation on the emulsion performance, and finally to gauge the surfactant effectiveness. Emulsion quality is related to its stability that could be evaluated considering its properties at the macroscopic, microscopic and molecular scales. For this reason, our work started with a complete molecular characterization of the raw materials as basis to understand their behavior in the formulated emulsions. First, each oil product composition was analyzed by determining the concentration of the main components. As second step, the biosurfactant molecular behavior, at water - triglycerides interfaces, was evaluated in silico through molecular dynamics (MD), and in vitro. Thus, the MD results rationalized the measured experimental evidence. Finally, we implemented a multiscale approach to design emulsions from a knowledge of the composition of the oil phase and its interaction with the surfactant. Properties of formulated emulsions were analyzed from molecular, microscopic and macroscopic scales."--Tomado del Formato de Documento de Grado."El uso de técnicas innovadoras de bioprospección no solo permite encontrar especies biológicas que pueden ser usadas como fuente primaria para obtener nuevos productos, sino también desarrollar estos nuevos productos y diseñar su producción industrial. Este proyecto propone un enfoque multiescala como un camino racional de bioprospección para diseñar emulsiones constituidas principalmente por ingredientes naturales. La fase oleosa fue obtenida de frutos de especies de la familia Arecaceae de la región amazónica colombiana, mientras que los surfactantes evaluados fueron dos proteínas transmembranales (OmpA y OmpN) obtenidas del cultivo de Escherichia coli. Este enfoque nos permitió entender como las propiedades a diferentes escalas se relacionan entre sí, evaluar el efecto del proceso y la formulación del producto en el comportamiento de la emulsión, y finalmente valorar la efectividad del biosurfactante. La calidad de la emulsión está relacionada con su estabilidad y puede ser evaluada considerando sus propiedades a escala molecular, microscópica y macroscópica. Por tal razón, nuestro trabajo inició con una completa caracterización de las materias primas como base para entender su comportamiento en las emulsiones formuladas. Primero, la composición de cada aceite fue evaluada para determinar la concentración de los componentes mayoritarios. Luego, el comportamiento molecular de los biosurfactantes en la interfaz agua - aceite fue evaluada in silico por medio de dinámica molecular, e in vitro por técnicas experimentales. Luego, los resultados de dinámica molecular fueron racionalizados a partir de las mediciones experimentales. Finalmente, implementamos la estrategia multiescala para diseñar emulsiones desde el conocimiento de la composición de la fase oleosa y su interacción con el biosurfactantes. Las propiedades de las emulsiones formuladas también fueron analizadas a nivel molecular, microscópico y macroscópico."--Tomado del Formato de Documento de Grado.Doctor en IngenieríaDoctorad

Impact of the Mode of Extraction on the Lipidomic Profile of Oils Obtained from Selected Amazonian Fruits

Oils and fats are important raw materials in food products, animal feed, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals among others. The market today is dominated by oils derive, d from African palm, soybean, oilseed and animal fats. Colombia’s Amazon region has endemic palms such as Euterpe precatoria (açai), Oenocarpus bataua (patawa), and Mauritia flexuosa (buriti) which grow in abundance and produce a large amount of ethereal extract. However, as these oils have never been used for any economic purpose, little is known about their chemical composition or their potential as natural ingredients for the cosmetics or food industries. In order to fill this gap, we decided to characterize the lipids present in the fruits of these palms. We began by extracting the oils using mechanical and solvent-based approaches. The oils were evaluated by quantifying the quality indices and their lipidomic profiles. The main components of these profiles were triglycerides, followed by diglycerides, fatty acids, acylcarnitine, ceramides, ergosterol, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and sphingolipids. The results suggest that solvent extraction helped increase the diglyceride concentration in the three analyzed fruits. Unsaturated lipids were predominant in all three fruits and triolein was the most abundant compound. Characterization of the oils provides important insights into the way they might behave as potential ingredients of a range of products. The sustainable use of these oils may have considerable economic potential

Analysis of Malassezia Lipidome Disclosed Differences Among the Species and Reveals Presence of Unusual Yeast Lipids

Malassezia yeasts are lipid dependent and part of the human and animal skin microbiome. However, they are also associated with a variety of dermatological conditions and even cause systemic infections. How these yeasts can live as commensals on the skin and switch to a pathogenic stage has long been a matter of debate. Lipids are important cellular molecules, and understanding the lipid metabolism and composition of Malassezia species is crucial to comprehending their biology and host-microbe interaction. Here, we investigated the lipid composition of Malassezia strains grown to the stationary phase in a complex Dixon medium broth. In this study, we perform a lipidomic analysis of a subset of species; in addition, we conducted a gene prediction analysis for the detection of lipid metabolic proteins. We identified 18 lipid classes and 428 lipidic compounds. The most commonly found lipids were triglycerides (TAG), sterol (CH), diglycerides (DG), fatty acids (FAs), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), ceramides, cholesteryl ester (CE), sphingomyelin (SM), acylcarnitine, and lysophospholipids. Particularly, we found a low content of CEs in Malassezia furfur, atypical M. furfur, and Malassezia pachydermatis and undetectable traces of these components in Malassezia globosa, Malassezia restricta, and Malassezia sympodialis. Remarkably, uncommon lipids in yeast, like diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine and FA esters of hydroxyl FAs, were found in a variable concentration in these Malassezia species. The latter are bioactive lipids recently reported to have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. The results obtained can be used to discriminate different Malassezia species and offer a new overview of the lipid composition of these yeasts. We could confirm the presence and the absence of certain lipid-biosynthesis genes in specific species. Further analyses are necessary to continue disclosing the complex lipidome of Malassezia species and the impact of the lipid metabolism in connection with the host interaction

Analysis of Malassezia Lipidome Disclosed Differences Among the Species and Reveals Presence of Unusual Yeast Lipids

Malassezia yeasts are lipid dependent and part of the human and animal skin microbiome. However, they are also associated with a variety of dermatological conditions and even cause systemic infections. How these yeasts can live as commensals on the skin and switch to a pathogenic stage has long been a matter of debate. Lipids are important cellular molecules, and understanding the lipid metabolism and composition of Malassezia species is crucial to comprehending their biology and host-microbe interaction. Here, we investigated the lipid composition of Malassezia strains grown to the stationary phase in a complex Dixon medium broth. In this study, we perform a lipidomic analysis of a subset of species; in addition, we conducted a gene prediction analysis for the detection of lipid metabolic proteins. We identified 18 lipid classes and 428 lipidic compounds. The most commonly found lipids were triglycerides (TAG), sterol (CH), diglycerides (DG), fatty acids (FAs), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), ceramides, cholesteryl ester (CE), sphingomyelin (SM), acylcarnitine, and lysophospholipids. Particularly, we found a low content of CEs in Malassezia furfur, atypical M. furfur, and Malassezia pachydermatis and undetectable traces of these components in Malassezia globosa, Malassezia restricta, and Malassezia sympodialis. Remarkably, uncommon lipids in yeast, like diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine and FA esters of hydroxyl FAs, were found in a variable concentration in these Malassezia species. The latter are bioactive lipids recently reported to have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. The results obtained can be used to discriminate different Malassezia species and offer a new overview of the lipid composition of these yeasts. We could confirm the presence and the absence of certain lipid-biosynthesis genes in specific species. Further analyses are necessary to continue disclosing the complex lipidome of Malassezia species and the impact of the lipid metabolism in connection with the host interaction

Natural ingredients from Amazonian plant species: applications and technical specifications.

Primera edición. Each section of text in Spanish followed by English section