Enterprise profiles in deprived areas: Are they distinctive?

This paper examines the extent to which segmenting business activity on the basis of the relative deprivation of a given area provides additional understanding (in terms of analysis and policy) that is not obtained by alternative divisions, e.g., by sector, size, etc. The paper is primarily motivated by the explicit inclusion of a deprived area dimension to many UK small business/enterprise policies introduced since 1997. We use two datasets drawn from the customer records of Barclays Bank PLC to obtain an initial analysis of the business stocks and dynamics in deprived and non-deprived areas of England. The data indicate that the deprived areas of England vary systematically from the wider economy in terms of several business stock characteristics and associated dynamics. These differences include a lower proportion of business service firms, lower female involvement in the owner-manager base and a poorer risk profile. The analysis supports the view that there are likely to be benefits from the tailoring of small business/ enterprise policies to sub-national levels

The rich-club phenomenon across complex network hierarchies

The so-called rich-club phenomenon in a complex network is characterized when nodes of higher degree (hubs) are better connected among themselves than are nodes with smaller degree. The presence of the rich-club phenomenon may be an indicator of several interesting high-level network properties, such as tolerance to hub failures. Here we investigate the existence of the rich-club phenomenon across the hierarchical degrees of a number of real-world networks. Our simulations reveal that the phenomenon may appear in some hierarchies but not in others and, moreover, that it may appear and disappear as we move across hierarchies. This reveals the interesting possibility of non-monotonic behavior of the phenomenon; the possible implications of our findings are discussed.Comment: 4 page

Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of oscillatory shape evolution for electromigration-driven islands

The shape evolution of two-dimensional islands under electromigration-driven periphery diffusion is studied by kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations and continuum theory. The energetics of the KMC model is adapted to the Cu(100) surface, and the continuum model is matched to the KMC model by a suitably parametrized choice of the orientation-dependent step stiffness and step atom mobility. At 700 K shape oscillations predicted by continuum theory are quantitatively verified by the KMC simulations, while at 500 K qualitative differences between the two modeling approaches are found.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure

Gender-Specific Protection from Microvessel Rarefaction in Female Hypertensive Rats

Epidemiologic studies reveal that women have a significantly lower age-adjusted morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease than men, suggesting that gender is a cardiovascular disease risk factor. The mechanism of the “gender protection” is unknown. In this study, we investigated the microvascular remodeling in reduced renal mass plus a high salt (4.0% NaCl) diet model of hypertension (RRM + HS). We hypothesized that women would be protected from the increase in blood pressure and from the microvascular rarefaction associated with RRM + HS hypertension. Studies were designed to determine whether female rats were less susceptible to changes in microvessel density during RRM + HS. Microvessel density was measured in male and female low salt (0.4% LS) sham-operated controls (Sham + LS) and after 3 days or 4 weeks of RRM + HS hypertension. The microcirculation of hind limb (medial and lateral gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus) muscles was visualized using rhodamine-labeled Griffonia simplicifolia I lectin. Tissue sections were examined by videomicroscopy and microvessel density was determined by quantitative stereology. As shown previously, mean arterial pressure increased to 160 ± 8 mm Hg and microvessel density decreased (\u3e30% decrease in all beds) in male RRM + HS. In contrast, mean arterial pressure of female RRM + HS rats was modestly increased from 101 ± 2 to 118 ± 4 mm Hg. Despite previous results showing a reduction in microvessel density of both normotensive and hypertensive male rats on a high salt diet, microvessel density of female RRM + HS rats was not reduced at either time. These results suggest that gender protection in the RRM rat extends beyond an attenuation of the increase in pressure to an immunity from microvascular rarefaction

Determinan Penentuan Fee Audit Eksternal Dalam Konvergensi Ifrs

This study aims to examine the determinants of external audit fees in IFRS convergence. There are several factors that are expected to affect audit fees such as firm size, profitability level and KAP type. These factors are expected to increase external audit fees. In addition, this study also linked the application of IFRS and auditing areas that are still few in Indonesia. This study is a modification of Ulfasari research (2014). This study adds independent variables and uses secondary data from manufacturing companies listed on the BEI 2010-2014. This research use purposive sampling method and get sample as many as 130 companies. Thereafter, firm size, profitability level, KAP type and audit fee were tested using multiple linear regression analysis found in SPSS version 21. Before the regression test, the data were first tested using the classical assumption test. The result of the research shows that firm size has significant effect to audit fee, profitability level has significant effect to audit fee. While KAP type has no significant effect on audit fee. Simultaneously firm size, profitability level and KAP type have effect on audit fees in IFRS convergence

Universal scaling of distances in complex networks

Universal scaling of distances between vertices of Erdos-Renyi random graphs, scale-free Barabasi-Albert models, science collaboration networks, biological networks, Internet Autonomous Systems and public transport networks are observed. A mean distance between two nodes of degrees k_i and k_j equals to =A-B log(k_i k_j). The scaling is valid over several decades. A simple theory for the appearance of this scaling is presented. Parameters A and B depend on the mean value of a node degree _nn calculated for the nearest neighbors and on network clustering coefficients.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl