Should scope of practice laws for advanced practice providers be revised?

The U.S. faces a projected shortage of primary care physicians. The authors of the June HPR newsletter discuss their studies showing that a care delivery model that expands the roles of nurse practitioners and physician assistants could help close the gap without affecting routine chronic disease care

Cholesterol guidelines: More similar than different

A clinician has a large number of guidelines to follow. Searching the words cardiovascular and guideline on the website, www.guideline.gov yielded 502 cardiovascular guidelines, 40 alone in 2015. 1 [National Guideline Clearinghouse: Agency for Healthcare Research and 19 Quality (n.d.)] Similarly, searching the words cholesterol and guideline yielded 107 results, 6 alone in 2015. This information overload can decrease providers\u27 self-efficacy in using guidelines, particularly if they have inconsistent messages. Moreover, a busy provider can easily be lost if the emphasis is on highlighting differences rather than similarities on the same topic. There are several guidelines for management of blood cholesterol and lipids. Despite being more similar than different, their similarities have not received as much attention as the differences between them. Unfortunately, there are still major gaps in current clinical practice even across these common themes. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of various cholesterol/lipid guidelines followed by a discussion of the differences but more importantly, similarities between them

Is high-intensity statin therapy associated with lower statin adherence compared with low- to moderate-intensity statin therapy? Implications of the 2013 American college of cardiology/American heart association cholesterol management guidelines

Background: The recent cholesterol guideline recommends high-intensity statins in cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients. High-intensity statins are associated with more frequent side effects. Therefore, it may be of concern that these recommendations might reduce statin adherence.Hypothesis: High-intensity statins are associated with lower adherence compared with low- to moderate-intensity statins.Methods: In a national database of 972,532 CVD patients from the Veterans Health Administration, we identified patients receiving statins between October 1, 2010, and September 30, 2011. We assessed statin adherence by calculating proportion of days covered (PDC) and determined whether high-intensity statin therapy was independently associated with a lower PDC.Results: Statins were prescribed in 629,005 (64.7%). Of those, 229,437 (36.5%) received high-intensity statins. Mean PDC (0.87 vs 0.86, P \u3c 0.0001) and patients with PDC ≥ 0.80 (76.3% vs 74.2%, P \u3c 0.0001) were slightly higher for those receiving low- to moderate-intensity compared with high-intensity statins. In adjusted analyses, high-intensity statin use was associated with a significant but modest PDC reduction compared with low- to moderate-intensity statin use, whether PDC was assessed as a continuous (β-coefficient: -0.008, P \u3c 0.0001) or categorical (PDC ≥ 0.80 [odds ratio: 0.94, 95% confidence interval: 0.93-0.96]) measure of statin adherence.Conclusions: An approach of high-intensity statin therapy will lead to a significant practice change, as the majority of CVD patients are not on high-intensity therapy. However, this change may be associated with a very modest reduction in statin adherence compared with low- to moderate-intensity therapy that is unlikely to be of clinical significance

Premature coronary heart disease in South Asians: Burden and determinants

Purpose of review: While the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is on the decline globally, it is on the rise among South Asians. South Asians are also believed to present early with coronary artery disease (CAD) compared with other ethnicities. Recent findings: South Asians have demonstrated a higher burden of premature CAD (PCAD) compared with other ethnicities. These findings are not limited to non-immigrant South Asians but have also been found in immigrant South Asians settled around the world. In this article, we first discuss studies evaluating PCAD among South Asians residing in South Asia and among South Asian immigrants in other countries. We then discuss several traditional risk factors that could explain PCAD in South Asians (diabetes, hypertension, dietary factors, obesity) and lipoprotein-associated risk (low HDL-C levels, higher triglycerides, and elevated apolipoprotein B levels). We then discuss several emerging areas of research among South Asians including the role of dysfunctional HDL, elevated lipoprotein(a), genetics, and epigenetics. Although various risk markers and risk factors of CAD have been identified in South Asians, how they impact therapy is not well-known. PCAD is prevalent in the South Asian population. Large-scale studies are needed to identify how this information can be rationally utilized for early identification of risk among South Asians, and how currently available therapies can mitigate this increased ris

Health care costs associated with primary care physicians versus nurse practitioners and physician assistants

Background: Significant primary care provider (PCP) shortage exists in the United States. Expanding the scope of practice for nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) can help alleviate this shortage. The Department of Veterans\u27 Affairs (VA) has been a pioneer in expanding the role of NPs and PAs in primary caregiving.Purpose: This study evaluated the health care costs associated with VA patients cared for by NPs and PAs versus primary care physicians (physicians).Methods: A retrospective data analysis using two separate cohorts of VA patients, one with diabetes and the other with cardiovascular disease (CVD), was performed. The associations between PCP type and health care costs were analyzed using ordinary least square regressions with logarithmically transformed costs.Results: The analyses estimated 12% to 13% (US dollars [USD] 2,626) and 4% to 5% (USD 924) higher costs for patients assigned to physicians as compared with those assigned to NPs and PAs, after adjusting for baseline patient sociodemographics and disease burden, in the diabetes and CVD cohort, respectively. Given the average patient population size of a VA medical center, these cost differences amount to a total difference of USD 14 million/year per center and USD 5 million/year per center for diabetic and CVD patients, respectively.Implications for practice: This study highlights the potential cost savings associated with primary caregiving by NPs and PAs. In light of the PCP shortage, the study supports increased involvement of NPs and PAs in primary caregiving. Future studies examining the reasons for these cost differences by provider type are required to provide more scientific evidence for regulatory decision making in this area

Health care costs associated with primary care physicians versus nurse practitioners and physician assistants

Background: Significant primary care provider (PCP) shortage exists in the United States. Expanding the scope of practice for nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) can help alleviate this shortage. The Department of Veterans\u27 Affairs (VA) has been a pioneer in expanding the role of NPs and PAs in primary caregiving.Purpose: This study evaluated the health care costs associated with VA patients cared for by NPs and PAs versus primary care physicians (physicians).Methods: A retrospective data analysis using two separate cohorts of VA patients, one with diabetes and the other with cardiovascular disease (CVD), was performed. The associations between PCP type and health care costs were analyzed using ordinary least square regressions with logarithmically transformed costs.Results: The analyses estimated 12% to 13% (US dollars [USD] 2,626) and 4% to 5% (USD 924) higher costs for patients assigned to physicians as compared with those assigned to NPs and PAs, after adjusting for baseline patient sociodemographics and disease burden, in the diabetes and CVD cohort, respectively. Given the average patient population size of a VA medical center, these cost differences amount to a total difference of USD 14 million/year per center and USD 5 million/year per center for diabetic and CVD patients, respectively.Implications for practice: This study highlights the potential cost savings associated with primary caregiving by NPs and PAs. In light of the PCP shortage, the study supports increased involvement of NPs and PAs in primary caregiving. Future studies examining the reasons for these cost differences by provider type are required to provide more scientific evidence for regulatory decision making in this area

Health care resource utilization for outpatient cardiovascular disease and diabetes care delivery among advanced practice providers and physician providers in primary care

Although effectiveness of diabetes or cardiovascular disease (CVD) care delivery between physicians and advanced practice providers (APPs) has been shown to be comparable, health care resource utilization between these 2 provider types in primary care is unknown. This study compared health care resource utilization between patients with diabetes or CVD receiving care from APPs or physicians. Diabetes (n = 1,022,588) or CVD (n = 1,187,035) patients with a primary care visit between October 2013 and September 2014 in 130 Veterans Affairs facilities were identified. Using hierarchical regression adjusting for covariates including patient illness burden, the authors compared number of primary or specialty care visits and number of lipid panels and hemoglobinA1c (HbA1c) tests among diabetes patients, and number of primary or specialty care visits and number of lipid panels and cardiac stress tests among CVD patients receiving care from physicians and APPs. Physicians had significantly larger patient panels compared with APPs. In adjusted analyses, diabetes patients receiving care from APPs received fewer primary and specialty care visits and a greater number of lipid panels and HbA1c tests compared with patients receiving care from physicians. CVD patients receiving care from APPs received more frequent lipid testing and fewer primary and specialty care visits compared with those receiving care from physicians, with no differences in the number of stress tests. Most of these differences, although statistically significant, were numerically small. Health care resource utilization among diabetes or CVD patients receiving care from APPs or physicians appears comparable, although physicians work with larger patient panel

Predictors, disparities, and facility-level variation: SGLT2 inhibitor prescription among US veterans with CKD

Rationale & objective: Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are recommended for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). We evaluated factors associated with SGLT2 inhibitor prescription, disparities by race and sex, and facility-level variation in prescription patterns.Study design: Retrospective cohort.Setting & participants: A national sample of US veterans with comorbid T2DM, CKD, and ASCVD with a primary care visit between January 1 and December 31, 2020.Exposure: Race, sex, and individual Veterans Affairs (VA) location.Outcome: SGLT2 inhibitor prescription.Analytical approach: Multivariable logistic regression assessed associations of race and sex with SGLT2 inhibitor prescription. Facility-level variation in SGLT2i prescription was quantified by median rate ratios (MRR), which express the likelihood that 2 randomly selected facilities differ in their use of SGLT2 inhibitor among similar patients.Results: Of 174,443 patients with CKD, T2DM, and ASCVD, 20,024 (11.5%) were prescribed an SGLT2 inhibitor. Lower odds of SGLT2 inhibitor prescription were seen in Black or African American patients compared with White patients (OR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.83-0.91]) and among women compared with men (OR, 0.59 [95% CI 0.52-0.67]). The adjusted MRR for SGLT2 inhibitor prescription was 1.58 (95% CI 1.48-1.67) in the total cohort, indicating an unexplained 58% variation in treatment between VA facilities, independent of patient and facility characteristics. Facility-level variation was evaluated among Black or African American patients (MRR, 1.55 [95% CI 1.41-1.68]), White patients (MRR, 1.57 [95% CI 1.47-1.66]), women (MRR, 1.40 [95% CI 1.28-1.51]), and men (MRR, 1.57 [95% CI 1.48-1.67]).Limitations: Albuminuria was not assessed.Conclusions: Prescription for SGLT2 inhibitors was low among likely eligible patients, with evident disparities by sex and race and between individual VA facilities. Efforts are needed to study and address the reasons for these disparities to improve equitable adoption of these important medications