Phenotype Adjustments of the Study Group (392 Siblings)

<div><p>(A) Presence of asexual blood forms of P. falciparum in 31 weekly blood smears.</p><p>(B) Log of the 75th percentile of 31 parasite density values per individual.</p><p>(C) Median of 16 PCV assessments per individual.</p><p>(D) Malaria fever episodes were defined following WHO recommendations whereby multiple malaria attacks within 3 wk were considered recrudescences and counted as one episode (see <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.0030048#s4" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>).</p><p>^#Gender did not significantly influence any of the phenotypes. For the phenotype of parasite density, the effects of antimalarial treatments were addressed by exclusion of density values following 3 wk after treatment (see <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.0030048#s4" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>). The phenotype of fever episodes was not corrected for the number of antimalarial treatments because of the direct causal relationship between disease episodes and treatments.</p><p>^§31 weekly regression models.</p><p>^*Anemia (PCV) was normally distributed, Shapiro-Wilk W test, <i>p</i> > 0.2.</p></div

Quantitative-Trait, Multipoint Linkage Analysis of the Key Phenotypes of Uncomplicated Human Malaria

<p>(A and B) Parasitological phenotypes. (C and D) Clinical phenotypes. A 10k-Affymetrix SNP array was used for genotyping 377 individuals comprising 241 siblings of 68 families. Results obtained by NPL are presented in the upper panels (z scores [Z] on the left axis) and those of HE are presented in the lower panels (LOD scores [LOD] on the left axis). Empirical significance levels (<i>p</i>-values indicated by dotted lines) were estimated by 100,000-fold Monte-Carlo permutations.</p