326 research outputs found
Viscous fingering and dendritic growth under an elastic membrane
We investigate the viscous fingering instability that arises when air is
injected from the end of an oil-filled, compliant channel. We show that induced
axial and transverse depth gradients foster novel pattern formation. Moreover,
the steady propagation of the interface allows us to elucidate the nonlinear
saturation of a fingering pattern first observed in a time-evolving system
(Pihler-Puzovic et al. PRL 108, 074502, 2012): the wavelength is set by the
viscous fingering mechanism, but the amplitude is inversely proportional to the
tangent of the compliant wall's inclination angle
What is wrong with non-respondents? Alcohol-, drug- and smoking related mortality and morbidity in a 12-year follow up study of respondents and non-respondents in the Danish Health and Morbidity Survey
Aim:
Response rates in health surveys have diminished over the last two decades, making it difficult to obtain reliable information on health and health-related risk factors in different population groups. This study compared cause-specific mortality and morbidity among survey respondents and different types of non-respondents to estimate alcohol-, drug- and smoking related mortality and morbidity among non-respondents.
Design:
Prospective follow-up study of respondents and non-respondents in two cross-sectional health surveys.
Setting:
Denmark.
Participants:
A total sample of 39,540 Danish citizens aged 16 or older.
Measurements:
Register-based information on cause-specific mortality and morbidity at the individual level was obtained for respondents (n=28,072) and different types of non-respondents (refusals n=8,954; illness/disabled n=731, uncontactable n=1,593). Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine differences in alcohol-, drug- and smoking-related mortality and morbidity, respectively, in a 12 year follow-up period.
Findings:
Overall, non-response was associated with a significantly increased hazard ratio of 1.56 (95% CI: 1.36–1.78) for alcohol-related morbidity, 1.88 (95% CI: 1.38-2.57) for alcohol-related mortality, 1.55 (95% CI: 1.27–1.88) for drug-related morbidity, 3.04 (95% CI: 1.57–5.89) for drug-related mortality and 1.15 (95% CI: 1.03–1.29) for smoking-related morbidity. The hazard ratio for smoking-related mortality also tended to be higher among non-respondents compared with respondents although no significant association was evident (HR: 1.14; 95% CI: 0.95-1.36). Uncontactable and ill/disabled non-respondents generally had a higher hazard ratio of alcohol-, drug- and smoking related mortality and morbidity compared with refusal non-respondents.
Conclusion:
Health survey non-respondents in Denmark have an increased hazard ratio of alcohol-, drug-, and smoking-related mortality and morbidity compared with respondents, which may indicate more unfavourable health behaviours among non-respondents
Fluctuations and Pinch-Offs Observed in Viscous Fingering
Our experiments on viscous (Saffman-Taylor) fingering in Hele-Shaw channels
reveal several phenomena that were not observed in previous experiments. At low
flow rates, growing fingers undergo width fluctuations that intermittently
narrow the finger as they evolve. The magnitude of these fluctuations is
proportional to Ca^{-0.64}, where Ca is the capillary number, which is
proportional to the finger velocity. This relation holds for all aspect ratios
studied up to the onset of tip instabilities. At higher flow rates, finger
pinch-off and reconnection events are observed. These events appear to be
caused by an interaction between the actively growing finger and suppressed
fingers at the back of the channel. Both the fluctuation and pinch-off
phenomena are robust but not explained by current theory.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures; to appear in Proceedings of the Seventh
Experimental Chaos Conferenc
Fluctuations and Pinch-Offs Observed in Viscous Fingering
Our experiments on viscous (Saffman-Taylor) fingering in Hele-Shaw channels
reveal several phenomena that were not observed in previous experiments. At low
flow rates, growing fingers undergo width fluctuations that intermittently
narrow the finger as they evolve. The magnitude of these fluctuations is
proportional to Ca^{-0.64}, where Ca is the capillary number, which is
proportional to the finger velocity. This relation holds for all aspect ratios
studied up to the onset of tip instabilities. At higher flow rates, finger
pinch-off and reconnection events are observed. These events appear to be
caused by an interaction between the actively growing finger and suppressed
fingers at the back of the channel. Both the fluctuation and pinch-off
phenomena are robust but not explained by current theory.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures; to appear in Proceedings of the Seventh
Experimental Chaos Conferenc
The Effect of Mitochondrial Dysfunction on Cytosolic Nucleotide Metabolism
Several enzymes of the metabolic pathways responsible for metabolism of cytosolic ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides are located in mitochondria. Studies described in this paper suggest dysfunction of the mitochondria to affect these metabolic pathways and limit the available levels of cytosolic ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides, which in turn can result in aberrant RNA and DNA synthesis. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to genomic instability, and it is possible that the limiting effect of mitochondrial dysfunction on the levels of nucleotides and resulting aberrant RNA and DNA synthesis in part can be responsible for this link. This paper summarizes the parts of the metabolic pathways responsible for nucleotide metabolism that can be affected by mitochondrial dysfunction
The propagation of air fingers into an elastic branching network
We study experimentally the propagation of an air finger through the
Y-bifurcation of an elastic, liquid-filled Hele-Shaw channel, as a benchtop
model of airway reopening. With channel compliance provided by an elastic upper
boundary, we can impose collapsed channel configurations into which we inject
air with constant volume-flux. We typically observe steady finger propagation
in the main channel, which is lost ahead of the Y-bifurcation but subsequently
recovered in the daughter channels. At low levels of initial collapse, steady
finger shapes and bubble pressure in the daughter channels map onto those in
the main channel, despite small differences in initial collapse in different
parts of the Y-channel. However, at higher levels of initial collapse where the
elastic sheet almost touches the bottom boundary of the channel, experimentally
indistinguishable fingers in the main channel can lead to multiple states of
reopening of the daughter channels. The downstream distance at which steady
propagation is recovered in the daughter channels also varies considerably with
injection flow rate and initial collapse because of a transition in the
mechanics regulating finger propagation. We find that the characteristic time
and length-scales of this recovery are largest in the regime where viscous and
surface tension forces dominate at low flow rate and/or low initial collapse,
and that they decrease towards a constant plateau reached in the limit where
elastic and surface tension forces balance at high flow rate and/or high
initial collapse. Our findings suggest that practical networks are unlikely to
comprise long enough channels for steady state propagation to remain
established.Comment: 36 pages, 13 finger
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