Can cognitive dissonance methods developed in the West for combatting the 'thin ideal' help slow the rapidly increasing prevalence of eating disorders in non-Western cultures?

Summary: Eating disorders are common, life-threatening conditions in Western countries, but until relatively recently they were regarded as uncommon in non-Western cultures. However, the prevalence of eating disorders in many of the more affluent non-Western countries is rising rapidly as community members, particularly young women, internalize the 'thin ideal' that has been widely promoted by the international media. This review discusses the factors involved in the development of eating disorders in non-Western settings with a particular emphasis on the influences of urbanization, modernization, Westernization, and the resulting changes in women's roles. The cognitive dissonance programs developed in Western countries that have proven successful in countering the negative effects of the thin idea are described and their potential application to East Asia and other non-Western countries are discussed

Unusual Si–H Bond Activation and Formation of Cationic Scandium Amide Complexes from a Mono(amidinate)-Ligated Scandium Bis(silylamide) Complex and Their Performance in Isoprene Polymerization

Amine elimination of scandium tris­(silylamide) complex Sc­[N­(SiHMe₂)₂]₃(THF) with 1 equiv of the amidine [PhC­(N-2,6-^<i>i</i>Pr₂C₆H₃)₂]H in toluene afforded the neutral mono­(amidinate) scandium bis­(silylamide) complex [PhC­(N-2,6-^<i>i</i>Pr₂C₆H₃)₂]­Sc­[N­(SiHMe₂)₂]₂ (<b>1</b>) in 93% isolated yield. When <b>1</b> was activated with 1 equiv of [Ph₃C]­[B­(C₆F₅)₄] in the presence of THF, the unexpected cationic amidinate scandium amide complex [{PhC­(N-2,6-^<i>i</i>Pr₂C₆H₃)₂}­ScN­{SiHMe₂}­{SiMe₂N­(SiHMe₂)₂}­(THF)₂]­[B­(C₆F₅)₄] (<b>2</b>) was generated. Treatment of <b>1</b> with excess AlMe₃ gave the Sc/Al heterometallic methyl complex [PhC­(N-2,6-^<i>i</i>Pr₂C₆H₃)₂]­Sc­[(μ-Me)₂AlMe₂]₂ (<b>3</b>). All these complexes were well-characterized by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. The combination <b>1</b>/[Ph₃C]­[B­(C₆F₅)₄] in toluene showed activity toward isoprene polymerization. Addition of excess AlMe₃ to the <b>1</b>/[Ph₃C]­[B­(C₆F₅)₄] catalyst system switched the regioselectivity of isoprene polymerization from 3,4-specific to cis-1,4-selective

Unusual Si–H Bond Activation and Formation of Cationic Scandium Amide Complexes from a Mono(amidinate)-Ligated Scandium Bis(silylamide) Complex and Their Performance in Isoprene Polymerization

Amine elimination of scandium tris­(silylamide) complex Sc­[N­(SiHMe₂)₂]₃(THF) with 1 equiv of the amidine [PhC­(N-2,6-^<i>i</i>Pr₂C₆H₃)₂]H in toluene afforded the neutral mono­(amidinate) scandium bis­(silylamide) complex [PhC­(N-2,6-^<i>i</i>Pr₂C₆H₃)₂]­Sc­[N­(SiHMe₂)₂]₂ (<b>1</b>) in 93% isolated yield. When <b>1</b> was activated with 1 equiv of [Ph₃C]­[B­(C₆F₅)₄] in the presence of THF, the unexpected cationic amidinate scandium amide complex [{PhC­(N-2,6-^<i>i</i>Pr₂C₆H₃)₂}­ScN­{SiHMe₂}­{SiMe₂N­(SiHMe₂)₂}­(THF)₂]­[B­(C₆F₅)₄] (<b>2</b>) was generated. Treatment of <b>1</b> with excess AlMe₃ gave the Sc/Al heterometallic methyl complex [PhC­(N-2,6-^<i>i</i>Pr₂C₆H₃)₂]­Sc­[(μ-Me)₂AlMe₂]₂ (<b>3</b>). All these complexes were well-characterized by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. The combination <b>1</b>/[Ph₃C]­[B­(C₆F₅)₄] in toluene showed activity toward isoprene polymerization. Addition of excess AlMe₃ to the <b>1</b>/[Ph₃C]­[B­(C₆F₅)₄] catalyst system switched the regioselectivity of isoprene polymerization from 3,4-specific to cis-1,4-selective

Site-Specific Interaction between α‑Synuclein and Membranes Probed by NMR-Observed Methionine Oxidation Rates

α-Synuclein (αS) is an intrinsically disordered protein that is water-soluble but also can bind negatively charged lipid membranes while adopting an α-helical conformation. Membrane affinity is increased by post-translational N-terminal acetylation, a common modification in all eukaryotic cells. In the presence of lipid vesicles containing a small fraction of peroxidized lipids, the N-terminal Met residues in αS (Met1 and Met5) rapidly oxidize while reducing the toxic lipid hydroperoxide to a nonreactive lipid hydroxide, whereas C-terminal Met residues remain unaffected. Met oxidation can be probed conveniently and quantitatively by NMR spectroscopy. The results show that oxidation of Met1 reduces the rate of oxidation of Met5 and vice versa as a result of decreased membrane affinity of the partially oxidized protein. The effect of Met oxidation on the αS–membrane affinity extends over large distances, as in the V49M mutant, oxidation of Met1 and Met5 strongly impacts the oxidation rate of Met49 and vice versa. When not bound to membrane, oxidized Met1 and Met5 of αS are excellent substrates for methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr), thereby providing an efficient vehicle for water-soluble Msr enzymes to protect the membrane against oxidative damage

Distribution of EDE-Q scores in the AN patients with the three 5-HTTLPR genotypes.

<p>The <i>P</i>-values were adjusted for sex, age, BMI, education and age at onset.</p><p>EDE-Q, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire.</p><p>Distribution of EDE-Q scores in the AN patients with the three 5-HTTLPR genotypes.</p

Results of TDT analysis for 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in AN families.

<p>Results of TDT analysis for 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in AN families.</p

Distribution of genotypes and alleles for the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in AN patients and controls.

<p>Distribution of genotypes and alleles for the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in AN patients and controls.</p

Demographic features in AN patients and controls.

<p>BMI, body mass index; EDE-Q, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire.</p><p>Demographic features in AN patients and controls.</p

Comparison for clinical variables between countries (China, UK and Spain).

<p>Comparison for clinical variables between countries (China, UK and Spain).</p

Exploratory factor analysis and reliability coefficients of PSS-10 (n = 120).

<p>Exploratory factor analysis and reliability coefficients of PSS-10 (n = 120).</p