Production rates of (A) CH₄ and (B) CO₂ in planted and unplanted microcosms with and without RS application; means ± SD (n = 4).

<p>The differences between the treatments over time were examined using Duncan <i>post hoc</i> test of a one-way ANOVA. Different letters on the top of bars indicate significant difference (<i>P</i><0.05) between the data.</p

Temporal change of the concentrations of dissolved (A) CH₄ and (B) CO₂ in planted microcosms with and without addition of ¹³C-labeled RS; means ± SD (n = 4).

<p>The differences between the treatments over time were examined using Duncan <i>post hoc</i> test of a one-way ANOVA. Different letters on the top of bars indicate significant difference (<i>P</i><0.05) between the data.</p

Percentage contribution of (A) ROC, (B) SOM and (C) RS to produced and dissolved CO₂ in planted microcosms with RS treatment; means ± SD (n = 4).

<p>The differences between contributions to produced and dissolved CH₄ were tested by two-tailed independent t-tests, indicated by ^* when <i>P</i><0.05.</p

δ¹³C values of CH₄ and CO₂ derived from ROC in planted rice microcosms with RS application.

<p>The values were calculated using δ¹³C of CH₄ and CO₂ dissolved in pore water; means ± SD (n = 4).</p

Values of δ¹³C of dried rice plants obtained from planted microcosms without (control) and with addition of ¹³C-labeled RS.

<p>RS I and RS II denote the two treatments, the δ¹³C of rice straw applied was 213.0‰ and 474.7‰ for RS I and RS II, respectively; means ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 3). The differences between the treatments over time were examined using Duncan <i>post hoc</i> test of a one-way ANOVA. Different letters on the top of bars indicate significant difference (<i>P</i><0.05) between the data.</p

δ¹³C values of CH₄ and CO₂ derived from ROC in planted rice microcosms with RS application.

<p>The values were calculated using δ¹³C of CH₄ and CO₂ produced in rice field soil; means ± SD (n = 4).</p

δ¹³C of (A) CH₄ and (B) CO₂ dissolved in microcosms with and without RS application; δ¹³C of (C) CH₄ and (D) CO₂ produced in microcosms with and without RS application.

<p>Solid line indicated planted microcosms, dashed lines unplanted microcosms; means ± SD (n = 4).</p

Seasonal change of (A) CH₄ emission rates and (B) δ¹³C of CH₄ emitted in planted microcosms with and without treatment with ¹³C-labeled RS; means ± SD (n = 4).

<p>The differences between the treatments over time were examined using Duncan <i>post hoc</i> test of a one-way ANOVA. Different letters on the top of bars indicate significant difference (<i>P</i><0.05) between the data.</p

Percentage contribution of (A) ROC, (B) SOM and (C) RS to produced and dissolved CH₄ in planted microcosms with RS treatment; means ± SD (n = 4).

<p>The differences between contributions to produced and dissolved CH₄ were tested by two-tailed independent t-tests, indicated by ^* when <i>P</i><0.05.</p