Probation Officers’ judgements: A study using Personal Construct Theory

• Summary Social workers and probation officers are frequently called upon to make judgements about the likelihood of re-offending. However, whilst the use of risk assessment instruments is now commonplace, the cognitive processes through which these judgements are made are rarely explicit. • Findings This study used the repertory grid method to elicit the constructs of judgements about re-offending of 15 experienced probation officers. Primary factors in their judgements were related to: (1) responsibility and risk taking behaviour; (2) criminal history; (3) self-awareness; and (4) stability. Personality characteristics, substance misuse and family dysfunction were also important. The findings are discussed in relation to two theoretical frameworks for understanding decision making: heuristics and biases and image theory, which focuses on values. • Application It is suggested that the design and implementation of assessment tools should be undertaken in the light of the constructs used in making professional judgements which inform the relevant decision making. </jats:sec

Safer and Effective Staffing Research and Policy Development Older People’s and Children’s Social Work in Northern Ireland:Report 1- The Starting Point: Baseline Analysis

The issue of safe staffing in the Health and Social Care (HSC) sector has come to the fore because of recruitment and retention challenges, staff burnout, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and exacerbated by the cost-of-living crisis, whereby those from areas of higher deprivation are at increased risk of statutory social work intervention (Bywaters et al., 2020; Limb, 2022; McFadden et al., 2015; McFadden et al., 2024a; McFadden et al., 2024b; Moriarty et al., 2018; Ravalier et al., 2022; The Guardian, Dec 2022; Vassilaki et al., 2022). The World Health Organisation (WHO) emphasises that safe staffing is not simply about the number of staff but also about having staff with required competencies equitably distributed and with support from the broader health system (WHO, 2016). Safe staffing should also mitigateburnout, workforce turnover and improve retention issues arising from workloads in excess of human capacity and highly stressed working environments (CIPD, 2022). In the UK, various operational tools and policy guidance govern staffing in different HSC sectors. Adult social care, regulated by the Care Quality Commission, defines safe staffing through specific guidelines (Care Quality Commission, 2024). Nurses adhere to policy guidance and tools such as the care hours per patient day (CHPD) to determine safe staffing levels (Carter, 2016; Gianassi and Rudman, 2018), the Shelford Safer Nursing Care Tool (2013), RCN Toolkit for Older People’s Wards (2012), Rhys Hearn (1970), the National Services Scotland Care Home Staffing Model (2009; as cited in Mitchell et al., 2017), and the Delivering Care Framework (2015) is similarly utilised in Northern Ireland. The Nursing and Midwifery Council underscores that safe staffing is not only about numbers but also skills-mix and considers other staff and settings (Nursing &amp; Midwifery Council, 2016). There are less developed operational tools and frameworks established on safe staffing in social work. In the Department of Health, Northern Ireland, Social Work Workforce Review (2022, Recommendation 2b), safe staffing is a priority area, with regional consistency in social work practitioner numbers a current focus of attention (Davidson et al., 2022). In Scotland, regulations for safe staffing are outlined in the Integrated Health and Social Care Workforce Plan (2019) and legislation is due to be enacted in Scotland in 2024 (The Health and Care Staffing; Scotland Act 2019). Intensive research in Scotland on social worker caseloads is available in the ‘Setting the Bar’ Report (Millar &amp; Barrie, 2022) published by Social Work Scotland. The report estimates indicative workloads for Childrens’ Services of no more than 15 cases (children) and for adults 20-25 cases per staff member. Experiences in the U.S. and Finland suggest that numbers alone may not guarantee a safe service (Child Welfare Information Gateway; Yliruka et al., 2022) however, numbers provide a baseline of what is realistic before social workers experience burnout and reduction in wellbeing

Safe Staffing and Workload Management in Social Work: A Scoping Review of Legislation, Policy and Practice

In Northern Ireland social work specific legislation is planned for safe staffing across the governmental sector. As part of a broader research project to inform this development, we conducted a scoping review seeking examples of safe staffing definitions, safe staffing-related legislation, policy and practice in social work and associated professions from the UK and internationally. We searched English language databases in 2023 web sites and reference lists as well as grey literature.Finding no international examples of social work-specific safe staffing definitions, legislation or policy outside of Children’s Services, we offer a tentative definition to the current debate. Our scoping review found examples of individual social workers and local teams developing caseload management practices to promote “safer” working, which may be useful for policymakers and regulators to consider. However these need greater conceptual clarity, consensus over definitions and outcomes, and evaluation for cost-effectiveness. Given the limited evidence in this area, recommendations include the need for further research to ascertain what “safe staffing” does, can and should mean in social work, and what can work in different contexts and at different levels of policy and practice to inform service user and social worker safety in social work.<br/

Perceptions of safe staffing, self-reported mental wellbeing and intentions to leave the profession among UK social workers:a mixed methods study

The purpose of the present study was to examine social workers perceptions of safe staffing levels and correlate these perceptions with standardised measurements of wellbeing in the UK. This cross-sectional mixed methods study analysed data from 406 social workers from November 2022 until late January 2023. Data were collected using anonymous online surveys including both qualitative and quantitative methods examining mental wellbeing, burnout, and intentions to leave the profession post-COVID-19. Findings revealed that only one-third of social workers responding perceived that they work in an environment of safe staffing. There were also significant differences in wellbeing and an increase in personal, work-related, and client-related burnout in social workers who believed their service did not operate a safe staff-to-service user ratio. Likewise, compared to those who perceived their service to operate within a safe staff-to-service-user ratio, those who perceived unsafe ratios were more likely to communicate their intention to leave the profession. Qualitative findings helped contextualize the quantitative results. These findings suggest that increased demand for social work services, shortage of qualified social workers, high workloads, inadequate resources, and retention problems, contribute to additional pressure on existing staff and have implications for policy, practice, and research in social work

Probation officers' judgements regarding the likelihood of re-offending

Decision making in all areas of social work practice is a challenging and complex process. This study specifically considered professional decision making by probation officers in Northern Ireland. Aim The aim of the study was to explore probation officers' judgements regarding the assessment of recidivism. Method The study was a mixed methods design. The first stage utilised the repertory grid technique (Kelly, 1955) designed to identify the range of factors involved in probation officers' judgements. The sample consisted of fifteen probation officers and the results were analysed using principal components analysis. Factors from the repertory grid, together with issues identified through the literature, were incorporated into a factorial survey (Rossi and Nock, 1982) as the second stage to the study. Ninety-three probation officers completed the survey and the results were analysed through regression analysis. Results The key findings are summarised below: 1. The factorial survey identified that probation officers considered the static factors, number of 'previous convictions ' and 'age' of the offender, as the most significant issues when considering likelihood of reoffending. 2. The dynamic/criminogenic factors of 'substance misuse', 'support networks ', level of 'responsibility' taken for offending behaviour and level of 'cooperation' with supervision, were also considered to be significant factors in the assessment of recidivism. 3. Generally probation officers were not confident in their decision making. They were most confident when the offender presented with twenty or more previous convictions. The level of confidence also rose as the age of the offender being assessed increased. 4. The Assessment, Case management and Evaluation (ACE) assessment tool was considered to be most useful when the number of previous convictions was high. where there was a substance dependency and a volatile and unpredictable demeanour. 5. Probation supervision was considered to be most effective when the offender was cooperative, young , held religious beliefs and attended an organisation and had a history of childhood adversity. 6. Longer serving probation officers tended to be more confident in their decisions while female probation officers were more confident in the effectiveness of probation supervision. Conclusion Probation officers consider the static factors, number of previous convictions and age, to be most significant in the assessment of recidivism. Levels of confidence are also highest when their judgements are based on these factors. Dynamic factors are considered to be most significant when considering the effectiveness of supervision. The introduction of a two-stage model of assessment may therefore be the most appropriate future development. Dissemination The findings of this study will be presented to the Probation Board for Northern Ireland who will circulate to relevant managers and practitioners. The results will also be submitted for publication.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo