The Vacuolar-Type H+-ATPase in Ovine Rumen Epithelium is Regulated by Metabolic Signals

In this study, the effect of metabolic inhibition (MI) by glucose substitution with 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG) and/or application of antimycin A on ovine rumen epithelial cells (REC) vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (vH+-ATPase) activity was investigated. Using fluorescent spectroscopy, basal pHi of REC was measured to be 7.3 ± 0.1 in HCO3−-free, glucose-containing NaCl medium. MI induced a strong pHi reduction (−0.44 ± 0.04 pH units) with a more pronounced effect of 2-DOG compared to antimycin A (−0.30 ± 0.03 versus −0.21 ± 0.03 pH units). Treatment with foliomycin, a specific vH+-ATPase inhibitor, decreased REC pHi by 0.21 ± 0.05 pH units. After MI induction, this effect was nearly abolished (−0.03 ± 0.02 pH units). In addition, membrane-associated localization of vH+-ATPase B subunit disappeared. Metabolic control of vH+-ATPase involving regulation of its assembly state by elements of the glycolytic pathway could provide a means to adapt REC ATP consumption according to energy availability

Agouti Revisited: Transcript Quantification of the ASIP Gene in Bovine Tissues Related to Protein Expression and Localization

Beside its role in melanogenesis, the agouti signaling protein (ASIP) has been related to obesity. The potentially crucial role in adipocyte development makes it a tempting candidate for economic relevant, fat related traits in farm animals. The objective of our study was to characterize the mRNA expression of different ASIP transcripts and of putative targets in different bovine tissues, as well as to study consequences on protein abundance and localization. ASIP mRNA abundance was determined by RT-qPCR in adipose and further tissues of cattle representing different breeds and crosses. ASIP mRNA was up-regulated more than 9-fold in intramuscular fat of Japanese Black cattle compared to Holstein (p<0.001). Further analyses revealed that a transposon-derived transcript was solely responsible for the increased ASIP mRNA abundance. This transcript was observed in single individuals of different breeds indicating a wide spread occurrence of this insertion at the ASIP locus in cattle. The protein was detected in different adipose tissues, skin, lung and liver, but not in skeletal muscle by Western blot with a bovine-specific ASIP antibody. However, the protein abundance was not related to the observed ASIP mRNA over-expression. Immuno-histochemical analyses revealed a putative nuclear localization of ASIP additionally to the expected cytosolic signal in different cell types. The expression of melanocortin receptors (MCR) 1 to 5 as potential targets for ASIP was analyzed by RT-PCR in subcutaneous fat. Only MC1R and MC4R were detected indicating a similar receptor expression like in human adipose tissue. Our results provide evidence for a widespread expression of ASIP in bovine tissues at mRNA and, for the first time, at protein level. ASIP protein is detectable in adipocytes as well as in further cells of adipose tissue. We generated a basis for a more detailed investigation of ASIP function in peripheral tissues of various mammalian species

Characterization of animals and number of tissue and DNA samples.

<p>MLD: M. longissimus, IMF: intramuscular fat, IRMF: intermuscular fat, SCF: subcutaneous fat.</p

Expression of ASIP transcripts in different tissues of crossbred bulls.

<p>All transcripts were amplified in cDNA (40 cycles) from the tissues indicated on panel (<b>A</b>). The band intensity is not indicative for mRNA abundance. (<b>A</b>) Transcript 1B (157 bp). A repeated amplification is shown in the framed box indicating poor reproducibility in liver cDNA. (<b>B</b>) Transcript 2C (244 bp) is detectable in all tissues of bull #4. Sequencing of the product obtained in liver cDNA of bull #5 failed. (<b>C</b>) Skin specific transcript 1C (132 bp). The larger band observed in bull #4 was identified as transcript 1C2C (293 bp) by sequencing. M: molecular weight marker.</p

A second look at leptin and adiponectin actions on the growth of primary porcine myoblasts under serum-free conditions

Cross-talk between adipose tissue and skeletal muscle may be mediated in part by adipokines. This study was conducted to elucidate further aspects of a possible role of recombinant adiponectin and leptin in the in vitro growth of primary porcine skeletal muscle cells cultured in energetically balanced, growth factor-supplemented, serum-free medium (GF-SFM). Therefore, the effects of these adipokines on cell number (DNA content), DNA synthesis rate, cell death and on key intracellular signalling molecules were investigated. Short-term adiponectin and leptin treatment decreased DNA synthesis, measured as [3H]-thymidine incorporation, as early as after 4-h exposure (P&lt;0.01), without alterations in DNA content. Both adipokines attenuated the rate of cell death in terms of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the culture medium after 48-h treatment (P&lt;0.05). The specific activation of p44/42 MAP kinase (MAPK) was reduced (P&lt;0.05) after 15-min incubation with either adipokine. In conclusion, the early decreases in DNA synthesis of primary porcine myoblasts cultured in GF-SFM in response to adiponectin or leptin are related to p44/42 MAPK signalling and adipokine treatment does not impair cell viability

Structure of the bovine ASIP locus and resulting transcripts.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Non-coding (gray) and coding exons of ASIP (black) are given as boxes and are numbered below. Exons in parentheses were not observed in this study. Smaller numbers indicate exon and intron sizes in base pairs. A LINE element (L1-BT) is inserted between non-coding and coding exons. The underlying sequence (GenBank accession no. GK000013.2) contains two gaps. The size of the first gap was determined by sequencing whereas the second gap was closed in silico by insertion of partial sequence from DQ000238.1. (<b>B</b>) Transcripts of the bovine ASIP gene resulting from different use of non-coding exons. Transcript 2C recruits a non-coding exon from the LINE. Transcript 1A was not observed in our study. The figure was modified and supplemented on the basis of data from Girardot et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0035282#pone.0035282-Girardot1" target="_blank">[6]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0035282#pone.0035282-Girardot2" target="_blank">[12]</a>.</p

ASIP protein expression in different tissues of bulls with normal expression (−) or over-expression of ASIP mRNA (+).

<p>Chemiluminescence detection of ASIP and β-actin by Western blotting of 40 µg protein of the respective tissues. Lanes 1 and 2: M. longissimus, 3 and 4: subcutaneous fat, 5 and 6: intermuscular fat, 7 and 8: heart, 9 and 10: liver, 11 and 12: lung.</p

ASIP mRNA abundance (all transcripts) and abundance of transcript 2C in bovine intramuscular fat (IMF).

<p>Bars represent individual C_p from qPCR in IMF of Holstein, Japanese Black and Charolais steers normalized to 2 reference genes. Note that high ASIP mRNA abundance (low C_p) was observed in samples with expression of transcript 2C only.</p