Flow diagram of study identification and inclusion in the systematic review on meningococcal case-carrier ratios in the African meningitis belt.

<p>Flow diagram of study identification and inclusion in the systematic review on meningococcal case-carrier ratios in the African meningitis belt.</p

Forest plot for meta-analysis of serogroup A meningococcal meningitis case-carrier ratios according to epidemiological context in the African meningitis belt.

<p>Forest plot for meta-analysis of serogroup A meningococcal meningitis case-carrier ratios according to epidemiological context in the African meningitis belt.</p

Algorithm for the definition of season and epidemiological context of case-carrier observation units reported by publications.

<p>MRH = Mean daily relative humidity in the two weeks preceding study onset or MRH of the study month (when only month of study was reported). MP: Mean daily precipitation amount (mm) during the two weeks preceding the study.</p

Scatterplot of meningococcal serogroup A monthly incidence rates and carriage prevalence across case carrier observation units.

<p>Squares show data points in endemic context; triangles show data points in hyperendemic context, and hallow circle show data points in epidemic context.</p

Association between of rural residency and knowledge on obstetric fistula by group, by level of education.

<p>Women aged 18 to 20 years in Boromo district, Burkina Faso, 2013.</p

Characteristics of participants included in the survey.

<p>Women aged 18 to 20 years in Boromo district, Burkina Faso, 2013.</p><p>^* Fisher exact or Wilcoxon ranksum test</p

Awareness and knowledge on obstetric fistula and effect of rural residency to these outcomes.

<p>Women aged 18 to 20 years in Boromo district, Burkina Faso, 2013.</p><p>Figures present N (%); OR, odds ratio</p><p>* OR for having had information on obstetric fistula by media, vs. word of mouth or school </p><p>** OR for mentioning ambulance as the means of transport in case of emergency, vs. other means.</p

Spatial distribution of meningococcal meningitis A in Niger from July 2003 to June 2010.

<p>Cumulative incidence rates in each health centre catchment area (cases per 100000 inhabitants).</p

Results from the Bayesian hierarchical model of meningococcal meningitis (MM) A annual incidence at the health centre catchment area (HCCA) level over the study region, Niger 2004–2010.

<p>Posterior mean parameter estimates and their 95% credible intervals (CIs) for the “null” model (no covariates included) and the multivariate model.</p><p>* CI: Bayesian credible interval.</p>†<p>IRR: Incidence rate ratio.</p>‡<p>Standardized variables.</p

Multivariate model goodness of fit.

<p>(A) Scatter plot of the fitted posterior mean numbers of meningococcal meningitis A cases per year and health centre catchment area and their 95% credible intervals (CIs) (light-blue shaded region) versus the observed numbers. (B) Observed incidence rates (horizontal blue lines) per year over the study region and their corresponding fitted posterior mean annual incidence rates (filled dark-blue circles) and their 95%CIs (vertical dark-blue lines).</p