Efectos de la suplementación con aceite de pescado sobre la concentración de ácidos grasos en carne de cerdo

Las grasas son excelentes fuentes de energía para ser adicionadas a la alimentación de cerdos. El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar los niveles de ácidos grasos en carne de cerdos alimentados con harina integral de mandioca, maíz molido y expeller de soja, suplementados con aceite de pescado. Se utilizaron 4 cerdos, con tres repeticiones por tratamiento, bajo un diseño completamente aleatorizado, durante 21 días (7 días de adaptación y 14 días de medición). Se ensayaron 4 dietas: T1: dieta base (DB) preparada con maíz molido (66%) más expeller de soja (31%); T2: DB + el agregado de 5% de aceite de pescado a la ración; T3: DB a la cual se le reemplazó el 40% de maíz por mandioca integral (DBM); y T4 = DBM + el agregado de 5% de aceite de pescado a la ración. Se efectuaron estadísticas descriptivas y análisis de la varianza a una sola vía, rechazando la hipótesis nula con un nivel de riesgo a del 5%. Las medias se compararon mediante la prueba de Tukey. En ningún tratamiento los promedios registraron diferencias significativas para los ácidos grasos saturados, mono-insaturados ni poli-insaturados. Se concluye que la inclusión de aceite de pescado en la dieta no produce modificaciones en el perfil de ácidos grasos de la carne de cerdo.

Influencia del pastizal en la concentración de CLA y Omega 6 y 3 en leche de búfalas de Corrientes, Argentina

El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la influencia del pastizal natural sobre las concentraciones de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) y ácidos grasos Omega 6 y 3 en muestras de leche de búfala. Se realizaron dos ensayos durante 35 días con búfalas multíparas de razas Murrah y mestizas Murrah x Mediterránea, mantenidas sobre pastizal natural en primavera y otoño. El primero se realizó durante los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2007 con pastizal de primavera y régimen pluviométrico normal. El segundo entre los meses de mayo y junio de 2009, con pastizal de otoño y régimen pluviométrico menor. En promedio, los mayores valores de CLA (15,74 mg/g de grasa), Omega 6 (7,30 mg/g de grasa) y Omega 3 (4,45 mg/g de grasa), así como la más estrecha relación Omega 6/ Omega 3 (1,64 : 1 mg/g de grasa), fueron obtenidos en primavera, bajo un régimen pluviométrico normal. En el nordeste argentino, donde los animales son mantenidos principalmente sobre campo natural, resulta importante destacar que las condiciones climáticas afectan el crecimiento del pastizal natural, provocando disminución de los valores de los ácidos grasos CLA y Omega 6 y 3.

Methadone adverse reaction presenting with large increase in plasma methadone binding: a case series

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>The use of methadone as an analgesic is on the increase, but it is widely recognized that the goal of predictable and reproducible dosing is confounded by considerable variability in methadone pharmacokinetics, and unpredictable side effects that include sedation, respiratory depression and cardiac arrhythmias. The mechanisms underlying these unpredictable effects are frequently unclear. Here, to the best of our knowledge we present the first report of an association between accidental methadone overexposure and increased plasma protein binding, a new potential mechanism for drug interactions with methadone.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>We describe here the cases of two patients who experienced markedly different responses to the same dose of methadone during co-administration of letrozole. Both patients were post-menopausal Caucasian women who were among healthy volunteers participating in a clinical trial. Under the trial protocol both patients received 6 mg of intravenous methadone before and then after taking letrozole for seven days. One woman (aged 59) experienced symptoms consistent with opiate overexposure after the second dose of methadone that were reversed by naloxone, while the other (aged 49) did not. To understand the etiology of this event, we measured methadone pharmacokinetics in both patients. In our affected patient only, a fourfold to eightfold increase in methadone plasma concentrations after letrozole treatment was observed. Detailed pharmacokinetic analysis indicated no change in metabolism or renal elimination in our patient, but the percentage of unbound methadone in the plasma decreased 3.7-fold. As a result, the volume of distribution of methadone decreased approximately fourfold. The increased plasma binding in our affected patient was consistent with observed increases in plasma protein concentrations.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The marked increase in the total plasma methadone concentration observed in our patient, and the enhanced pharmacodynamic effect, appear primarily due to a reduced volume of distribution. The extent of plasma methadone binding may help to explain the unpredictability of its pharmacokinetics. Changes in volume of distribution due to plasma binding may represent important causes of clinically meaningful drug interactions.</p

Rethinking “democratic backsliding” in Central and Eastern Europe – looking beyond Hungary and Poland

This essay introduces contributions to a special issue of East European Politics on “Rethinking democratic backsliding in Central and Eastern Europe”, which seeks to expand the study of democratic regression in CEE beyond the paradigmatic cases of Hungary and Poland. Reviewing these contributions, we identify several directions for research: 1) the need to critique “democratic backsliding”, not simply as a label, but also as an assumed regional trend; 2) a need to better integrate the role of illiberal socio-economic structures such as oligarchical structures or corrupt networks; and 3) a need to (re-)examine the trade-offs between democratic stability and democratic quality. We also note how insights developed researching post-communist regions such as Western Balkans or the post-Soviet space could usefully inform work on CEE backsliding. We conclude by calling for the study of CEE democracy to become more genuinely interdisciplinary, moving beyond some narrowly institutionalist comparative political science assumptions

Determinación de ácidos grasos en leche bubalina (Bubalus bubalis) producida en Corrientes, Argentina

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los valores de ácidos grasos saturados e insaturados, especialmente ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) y ácidos omega 3 y 6, en leche de búfalas de la Provincia de Corrientes. Se emplearon 16 búfalas multíparas de raza Murrah y mestizas Murrah x Mediterránea, distribuidas en 2 grupos integrados por 8 animales cada uno (4 Murrah y 4 mestizas). El primero fue alimentado con pasturales naturales ad libitum y el segundo con pasturas naturales y un suplemento diario de 2 kg de maíz molido por animal. El ensayo duró 35 días. En los días 1 y 35 se obtuvieron muestras de leche de todas las búfalas (32 muestras). Para la dieta de pastura natural con y sin suplementación, los ácidos grasos saturados fueron de 56,91 y 57,10%, en tanto que los insaturados fueron de 43,68 y 42,89% respectivamente. De estos últimos, el 37,24 y 36,92% correspondieron a monoinsaturados y el 5,84 y 5,97% a polinsaturados respectivamente. Entre los ácidos grasos saturados predominó el C16:0 y entre los insaturados el C18:1. El ácido C14:0 reveló diferencias significativas según época de muestreo y dieta (p&lt;0,05), resultando mayor al día 35 y en animales suplementados. El nivel de CLA en búfalas no suplementadas fue de 10,29 mg/g de grasa láctea. Existió una correlación positiva entre CLA y acido vaccénico en la grasa láctea (r = 0.87). La relación de ácidos grasos omega 6 y omega 3 fue de 2,07/1 al final del ensayo. En conclusión, se establecen valores de referencia para ácidos grasos en leche bubalina y se espera que estos datos asuman importancia al momento de compararlos con los obtenidos mediante otras estrategias dietarias, con el propósito de incrementar el contenido de CLA y omega 3 en la leche de búfalas

Anti-Equivalence: Pragmatics of post-liberal dispute

In the early 21st century, liberal democracies have witnessed their foundational norms of critique and deliberation being disrupted by a combination of populist and technological forces. A distinctive style of dispute has appeared, in which a speaker denounces the unfairness of all liberal and institutional systems of equivalence, including the measures of law, economics and the various other ‘tests’ which convention scholars have deemed core to organisations. The article reviews how sociologists of critique have tended to treat critical capacities as oriented towards consensus, but then considers how technologies of real-time ‘control’ circumvent liberal critique altogether. In response, a different type of dispute emerges in the digital public sphere, which abandons equivalences in general, instead adopting a non-representational template of warfare. This style of post-liberal dispute is manifest in the rhetoric of populists, but does not originate there

Populism and nationalism in a comparative perspective: a scholarly exchange

The purpose of the Exchange feature is to publish discussions that engage, advance and initiate new debates in the study of nations and nationalism. This Exchange article is on the subject of ‘Populism and Nationalism’. Each contributor addresses the following four questions on the subject: (1) What is populism and what role does it play within the context of democratic politics? (2) Does populism cut across left-right lines? (3) What is the relationship between nationalism and populism? (4) Are contemporary populist movements across Europe and the West comparable? Our aim is to generate a thought- provoking conversation with regards to the rise of populism in Europe and the West

Modern American populism: Analyzing the economics behind the Silent Majority, the Tea Party and Trumpism

This article researches populism, more specifically, Modern American Populism (MAP), constructed of white, rural, and economically oppressed reactionarianism, which was borne out of the political upheaval of the 1960’s Civil Rights movement. The research looks to explain the causes of populism and what leads voters to support populist movements and politicians. The research focuses on economic anxiety as the main cause but also examines an alternative theory of racial resentment. In an effort to answer the question, what causes populist movements and motivations, I apply a research approach that utilizes qualitative and quantitative methods. There is an examination of literature that defines populism, its causes and a detailed discussion of the case studies, including the 1972 election of Richard Nixon; the Tea Party election of 2010; and the 2016 election of Donald Trump. In addition, statistical data analysis was run using American National Election Studies (ANES) surveys associated with each specific case study. These case studies were chosen because they most represent forms of populist movements in modern American history. While ample qualitative evidence suggested support for the hypothesis that economic anxiety is a necessary condition for populist voting patterns that elected Nixon, the Tea Party and Trump, the statistical data only supported the hypothesis in two cases, 2010 and 2016, with 1972 coming back inconclusive. The data also suggested that both economic anxiety and racial resentment played a role in 2010 and 2016, while having no significant effect in 1972 in either case. This suggests that further research needs to be conducted into additional populist case studies, as well as an examination into the role economic anxiety and economic crises play on racial resentment and racially motivated voting behavior