Sample characteristics.

<p>Sample characteristics.</p

Percentages of stereotypic labels assigned to each character Because each label was assigned twice, chance distribution would yield 50% for each character.

<p>Percentages of stereotypic labels assigned to each character Because each label was assigned twice, chance distribution would yield 50% for each character.</p

Parents’ opinions about Black Pete.

<p>Parents’ opinions about Black Pete.</p

Mean number of positive labels (range 1–8) assigned to each character Black vertical lines represent standard errors.

<p>Mean number of positive labels (range 1–8) assigned to each character Black vertical lines represent standard errors.</p

Children’s first answer to the question ‘Who is Black Pete?’

<p>Children’s first answer to the question ‘Who is Black Pete?’</p

Categorizing by skin color across age groups.

<p>Categorizing by skin color across age groups.</p

Gender-Differentiated Parenting Revisited: Meta-Analysis Reveals Very Few Differences in Parental Control of Boys and Girls

<div><p>Although various theories describe mechanisms leading to differential parenting of boys and girls, there is no consensus about the extent to which parents <i>do</i> treat their sons and daughters differently. The last meta-analyses on the subject were conducted more than fifteen years ago, and changes in gender-specific child rearing in the past decade are quite plausible. In the current set of meta-analyses, based on 126 observational studies (15,034 families), we examined mothers’ and fathers’ differential use of autonomy-supportive and controlling strategies with boys and girls, and the role of moderators related to the decade in which the study was conducted, the observational context, and sample characteristics. Databases of Web of Science, ERIC, PsychInfo, Online Contents, Picarta, and Proquest were searched for studies examining differences in <i>observed</i> parental control of boys and girls between the ages of 0 and 18 years. Few differences were found in parents’ use of control with boys and girls. Parents were slightly more controlling with boys than with girls, but the effect size was negligible (<i>d</i> = 0.08). The effect was larger, but still small, in normative groups and in samples with younger children. No overall effect for gender-differentiated autonomy-supportive strategies was found (d = 0.03). A significant effect of time emerged: studies published in the 1970s and 1980s reported more autonomy-supportive strategies with boys than toward girls, but from 1990 onwards parents showed somewhat more autonomy-supportive strategies with girls than toward boys. Taking into account parents’ gender stereotypes might uncover subgroups of families where gender-differentiated control is salient, but based on our systematic review of the currently available large data base we conclude that in general the differences between parenting of boys versus girls are minimal.</p></div

Studies Included in the Meta-Analysis.

<p>Studies Included in the Meta-Analysis.</p

Flow-Chart of Literature Search Process.

<p>Flow-Chart of Literature Search Process.</p

Scatterplot showing the relation between year of publication and Cohen’s d of autonomy-supportive strategies.

<p>Note. Solid line represents regression line, dashed line represents Cohen’s d = 0.00.</p