Assessment of quality of cohort studies

**<p>study design adequate to minimize role of bias</p

Forest plot showing changes in Log₁₀ HIV-1 RNA between treatment group and selected comparator groups.

<p>Forest plot showing changes in Log₁₀ HIV-1 RNA between treatment group and selected comparator groups.</p

Characteristics of included studies

<p>Characteristics of included studies</p

Flow diagram of study selection process in QUOROM format.

<p>Flow diagram of study selection process in QUOROM format.</p

Systematic Review of the Performance of Rapid Rifampicin Resistance Testing for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis

<div><p>Introduction</p><p>Rapid tests for rifampicin resistance may be useful for identifying isolates at high risk of drug resistance, including multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). However, choice of diagnostic test and prevalence of rifampicin resistance may both impact a diagnostic strategy for identifying drug resistant-TB. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the performance of WHO-endorsed rapid tests for rifampicin resistance detection.</p> <p>Methods</p><p>We searched MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Library through January 1, 2012. For each rapid test, we determined pooled sensitivity and specificity estimates using a hierarchical random effects model. Predictive values of the tests were determined at different prevalence rates of rifampicin resistance and MDR-TB.</p> <p>Results</p><p>We identified 60 publications involving six different tests (INNO-LiPA Rif. TB assay, Genotype MTBDR assay, Genotype MTBDRplus assay, Colorimetric Redox Indicator (CRI) assay, Nitrate Reductase Assay (NRA) and MODS tests): for all tests, negative predictive values were high when rifampicin resistance prevalence was ≤ 30%. However, positive predictive values were considerably reduced for the INNO-LiPA Rif. TB assay, the MTBDRplus assay and MODS when rifampicin resistance prevalence was < 5%.</p> <p>Limitations</p><p>In many studies, it was unclear whether patient selection or index test performance could have introduced bias. In addition, we were unable to evaluate critical concentration thresholds for the colorimetric tests.</p> <p>Discussion</p><p>Rapid tests for rifampicin resistance alone cannot accurately predict rifampicin resistance or MDR-TB in areas with a low prevalence of rifampicin resistance. However, in areas with a high prevalence of rifampicin resistance and MDR-TB, these tests may be a valuable component of an MDR-TB management strategy.</p> </div

Estimates of positive predictive value, over a range of prevalence rates for rifampicin resistance (0-20% prevalence), for each index test.

<p>(dashed lines represent 95% confidence intervals around the estimate).</p

Summary of facilitators and barriers to effective NTD integration, as reported by study participants.

<p>Summary of facilitators and barriers to effective NTD integration, as reported by study participants.</p

Ten Integration Recommendations.

<p>Ten Integration Recommendations.</p

Theoretical model of NTD integration stakeholders, simplified stakeholder interest drivers, and influence on integrated delivery.

<p>Theoretical model of NTD integration stakeholders, simplified stakeholder interest drivers, and influence on integrated delivery.</p

Summary of activities required for delivery of mass drug administration campaigns.

<p>Summary of activities required for delivery of mass drug administration campaigns.</p