Zamknięte systemy dystrybucyjne (ZSD) w krajowym systemie elektroenergetycznym

W KSE funkcjonują liczne przedsiębiorstwa, realizujące różne zakresy działalności energetycznej. Zgodnie z zasadą unbundlingu, przedsiębiorstwa energetyczne odrębnie organizują i prowadzą działalność polegającą na wytwarzaniu, przesyłaniu lub dystrybucji oraz obrocie energią elektryczną. Istnieje jednak w gospodarce polskiej liczna grupa przedsiębiorstw energetycznych mających odmienny status. Nie dość, iż łączą w sobie działalność konkurencyjną i regulowaną, czyli dystrybucję i obrót energią, to dodatkowo występują w dwojakiej roli: jako odbiorca energii i jednocześnie jej dystrybutor (a niejednokrotnie także sprzedawca energii). Działalności w zakresie sprzedaży oraz dystrybucji energii elektrycznej podmioty te prowadzą na skalę ograniczoną pod względem wolumenu, wartości energii, a w szczególności obszaru. Mowa o zamkniętych systemach dystrybucyjnych (ZSD)

Energy Security for Poland - Autonomous or Complementary Categories? Consequences for Public Policy

Zaprezentowany artykuł nie jest z pewnością poświęcony ocenie stanu bezpieczeństwa energetycznego. Autorzy podjęli próbę innego rodzaju. Pokazują, jak podejście do państwa, do jego rządzenia rozstrzyga zarazem o charakterze kategorii bezpieczeństwa energetycznego (BE) i jego roli w polityce gospodarczej. Zdaniem autorów w praktyce rządzenia dominuje względnie odosobnione traktowanie poszczególnych celów polityki energetycznej (PE), bez uwzględniania niezbędnych uwarunkowań i współzależności, w szczególności zaś – wrażliwości gospodarki na energię eo ipso na bezpieczeństwo energetyczne. Doraźność działań w tym zakresie, a czasami wręcz dowolność oraz towarzysząca temu zmienność priorytetów w cyklu kalendarza politycznej dominacji wynika – w przekonaniu autorów – z braku systemowych ram tworzenia polityki gospodarczej i jej komponentów, w tym polityki energetycznej. Nie bez znaczenia jest też niewłaściwe wykształcenie polityków (szczególnie brak wiedzy ekonomicznej) i ich brak wyobraźni (umiejętności alternatywnego myślenia). Autorzy sięgają po przykłady z konceptualnych ujęć PE i jej realizacji, proponują także, jak powinno się postępować, by odejść od nagannej praktyki ostatnich lat i zacząć efektywnie wykorzystywać współzależności strategii rozwoju kraju. Wskazują na pewne okoliczności metodyczne i proceduralne, które byłyby rękojmią harmonijnego godzenia komplementarnych celów PE.This article is definitely not devoted to assessing the status of energy security. Rather, the authors took a different approach to it, showing how ways of thinking about the state and about governing determine what character is assumed by the category of energy security, and its role in the economy. The contention of the authors is that the practice of governing principally entails relatively separate treatment of the particular aims of the energy economy, with no account being taken of crucial conditions and interdependences, in particular the sensitivity of the economy to energy co ipso energy security. The authors go on to consider that immediate actions, and sometimes even the freedom and at the same time changeability of priorities in line with the cycle provided by the political dominance calendar reflect the lack of a systematic framework in line with which to shape economic policy and its components, including energy policy. Inadequate education of politicians (in particular a lack of knowledge of economics) and a lack of imaginations (alternative thinking ability) are also important factors. The authors introduce examples form conceptual approaches to energy policy, suggesting directions to take in order to change the blameworthy practice of recent years and to make an effective start with using the interdependences of the country's development strategy. Reference is also made to certain methodological and procedural circumstances that could help guarantee harmonious alignments of the complementary aims of energy policy

Premises and Main Dilemmas of the Polish Energy Policy

The Polish energy sector requires changes and the energy policy should be conceived Properly due to its interrelationships with the concept of Poland’s long-term development. A clear strategy concerning operation of the energy sector has been missing since 1989. Changes in government cabinets were accompanied by changes in the restructuring and privatisation concept and in the scope and pace of introducing competition principles. These are rather permanent dilemmas of the energy policy. A circumstance explaining but justifying this situation to a small extent is an exceptionally complex set of factors determining this policy. The authors attempted to explain it describing problems connected with choosing solutions corresponding to changing conditions. According to the authors, in order to accomplish a goal being undoubtedly strategic for the economic policy such as reduction of costs of the energy sector operation and achievin a rational level of prices and improving the state of energy security, in particular, in its economic and financial aspects, it is necessary primarily to continue the systemic transformation remembering all the time about interests of energy consumers and not its producers. It is the authors’ main recommendation. It should be underlined strongly that a special function performed by the State in this process is creating convenient conditions for emergence and operation of the energy market also in these fields, which do not lend themselves for thorough market reforms as yet. With regard to the energy sector it implies that the Government should pursue a policy of a consistent implementation of a priority of building competitive markets in accordance with the Energy Act and the EU directives. Directions of the energy policy and particularly the ownership policy should be clear also for those not involved directly in this sector and especially for investors so that they can shape the perspective of their development, make indispensable investment expenditures and conclude contracts favourable for them on the basis of such government document.Zadanie pt. Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki nr 885/P-DUN/2014 zostało dofinansowane ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej naukę

The Energy Policy of a Country in Transition

Poland, a country under market-oriented transition, has special problems with such spheres as the energy sector. Indispensable changes must be directed by energy policy compatible with the long-term concept of national development. The principal goals of the energy policy seem to be proportional to the national needs and aspirations related with the European Union. The situation is worse in the strategy of power sector's transition and functioning. Changes of the series of cabinets brought about changes in the concepts of restructuring and privatisation, as well as in the scope and pace of introducing competition, the latter being almost permanent problems of energy policy. A circumstance that explains but hardly justifies this state of affairs is an extremely complex configuration of conditionalities surrounding this policy, which the authors have tried to explain by pointing to problems of selecting solutions typical of the various conditionalities. The authors believe that in order to implement the clearly strategic goal of economic policy, that is, the reduction of power sector's costs and reaching a rational price levels combined with a better energy security especially in its economic and financial aspectsŠit is above all necessary to continue systemic transformation, all the time being guided by the interest of energy consumers, not its producers. This is our fundamental recommendation. We must stress that in this process, the special role of the state is providing good conditions for the emergence and operation of the market, also in fields which are not easy to reform. As regards the energy sector, this means that the government will continue its policy of consistent implementation of the priority to build competitive markets, prescribed by the Energy Act and the European Union Directives. The directions of energy policy, particularly the owner's policy, must be legible also for actors outside the energy sector, especially investors, so that they can use such a government document to plan the development of their own companies, make the required investment options, and conclude contracts which are good for them.

The foundations and problems of regulation of the power industry (part 1)

Regulation and the power industry are two increasingly often associated concepts. The first one means the supervision of the state, the second is one of the most important sectors of the economy. Regulation in the power industry is the reconciliation of the interests of power enterprises with the interest of the receivers who must use energy. Reconciliation of these contradictory interests is quite a task. Its realization is entrusted to the so-called regulator, a specially appointed organ of the state administration with special rights and autonomy. The legal foundations for undertaking actions of this kind in Poland were created by the Energy Law enacted on the 10th April 1997. The article discusses both the questions of the legal-institutional foundations as well as the effects of applying Polish regulation solutions. A special place was taken by tariffing, that is, the use by the regulation organ of the possibility of influencing the establishment of prices in energy enterprises by connecting the price with the cost accepted by the regulator who must also take into consideration also the possibility of making real the payments of the final receivers. In the final part reflections were formulated referring to successes and failures which took place in the process of implementation of the idea of marketization of Polish energy monopolies which served the authors to formulate proposals of changes in the principles of regulation and its tools, which is dealt with in the next part of the article in the third number of Ekonomia .

Regulative recommendations referring to the power industry, Part II

On the basis of the summing up of the four year period of the functioning of the act Power Industry Law which is the ending of the article entitled inThe foundations and problems of regulation of the power industryln from No. 2 of Ekonomia, the authors formulate proposals of changes in the principles of regulation and its tools, postulate the application of new patterns of regulative procedure. This concerns first of all the principles: planning of regulated financial-economic activity, accounting for power industry enterprises, shaping of tariffs. The worked out solutions must have a systemic character, in many cases strategic and many years long, connected with essential structural changes, which means the necessity of assigning them the character of a government program supported legislatively by parliamentary laws. It should be noted here that the positive effects of regulation, which is confirmed by international experiences, can appear only after several years. This does not mean however that regulative activity could not be subjected to simultaneously progressing liberalization and widening of economic freedom.