Effect of LDR on renal ICAM-1 levels in type 2 diabetic mice.

<p>Renal tissues from different groups were collected at the indicated times for measuring ICAM-1 expression at the mRNA (A) and protein (B) levels with RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. (C) The location of ICAM-1 in the kidney was detected by immunohistochemical staining, at 400× magnification. Data are presented as means ± SEM. n = 9 in diabetic group and n = 8 in each other group. *<i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding control group; #<i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding DM group; &, <i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding DM/25 mGy; $, <i>p</i><0.05 vs. DM group at the 4-week time-point.</p

Plasma and renal lipid metabolic parameters in mice fed a standard diet or a high-fat diet with sham-radiation or radiation.

<p>Notes: Data were presented as means ± SEM. n = 9 in diabetic group and n = 8 in each other group. TG, Triglyceride; FFA, free fatty acid; CHO, cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.</p><p>*<i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding control group;</p><p>#<i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding DM group;</p>&<p><i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding DM/25 mGy group.</p

Effect of LDR on renal TNF-α levels in type 2 diabetic mice.

<p>Renal tissues from different groups were collected at the indicated times for measuring TNF-α expression at the mRNA (A) and protein (B) levels with RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. (C) The location of TNF-α in the kidney was detected by immunohistochemical staining, at 400× magnification. Data are presented as means ± SEM. n = 9 in diabetic group and n = 8 in each other group. *<i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding control group; #<i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding DM group; $, <i>p</i><0.05 vs. DM group at the 4-week time-point.</p

Effects of LDR on renal oxidative damage in type 2 diabetic mice.

<p>After control and diabetic mice with and without multiple exposures to LDR for 4 and 8 weeks, renal oxidative damage was examined by western blotting assays for the expression of 3-NT as an index of protein nitration (A, B) and MDA by ELISA (C). Data are presented as means ± SEM. n = 9 in diabetic group and n = 8 in each other group. *<i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding control group; #<i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding DM group; $, <i>p</i><0.05 vs. DM group at the 4-week time-point.</p

Effect of LDR on renal SOD-1 levels in type 2 diabetic mice.

<p>Renal tissues from different groups were collected at the indicated times for measuring SOD-1 expression at the mRNA (A) and protein (B) levels with RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. (C) The location of SOD-1 in the kidney was detected by immunohistochemical staining, at 400× magnification. Data are presented as means ± SEM. n = 9 in diabetic group and n = 8 in each other group. *<i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding control group; #<i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding DM group; $, p<0.05 vs. DM group at the 4-week time-point.</p

Effect of LDR on renal HO-1 and NQO-1 levels in type 2 diabetic mice.

<p>Renal tissues from different groups were collected at the indicated times for measuring HO-1 expression (A, C) and NQO-1 expression (B, D) levels at the mRNA and protein with RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Data are presented as means ± SEM. n = 9 in diabetic group and n = 8 in each other group. *<i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding control group; #<i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding DM group; $, <i>p</i><0.05 vs. DM group at the 4-week time-point.</p

Assessment of renal function in mice fed a standard diet or a high-fat diet with sham-radiation or radiation.

<p>Notes: Data were presented as means ± SEM. n = 9 in diabetic group and n = 8 in each other group. mAlb, microalbumin;</p><p>*<i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding control group;</p>#<p><i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding DM group;</p>&<p><i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding DM/25 mGy group.</p

Induction of the type 2 diabetic mouse model and the effect of LDR on diabetes-induced hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and inactivation of Akt.

<p>The type 2 diabetic mouse model was established by a combination of a HFD and STZ treatment. C57BL/6J mice were fed with a HFD (40% of calories from fat) for 12 weeks to induce obesity (A), which exhibited abnormal blood glucose tolerance (B) and insulin resistance (C). After intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50 mg/kg), the type 2 diabetic mouse model was successfully induced with the characteristic of hyperglycemia (>12 mmol/L, D). The diabetic or control mice were irradiated with LDR at 25, 50, or 75 mGy over whole-body once every other day for the indicated times. The blood glucose levels and insulin tolerance at the 4-week time-point (E, G) and 8-week time-point (F, H) were examined. The <i>t</i>-Akt and <i>p</i>-Akt in kidneys were detected by western blotting assay (I). Data are presented as means ± SEM. n = 9 in diabetic group and n = 8 in each other group. *<i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding control group; #<i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding DM group. Con, control mice; Con/50 mGy, control mice treated with 50 mGy; DM, diabetic mice without LDR treatment; DM/25 mGy, diabetic mice with LDR at 25 mGy; DM/50 mGy, diabetic mice with LDR at 50 mGy; DM/75 mGy, diabetic mice with LDR at 75 mGy.</p

Exposure to LDR attenuated diabetes-induced histopathological changes in the kidneys of mice.

<p>Representative images of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E; panel A) staining, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS; panel B) staining, and Masson’s trichrome staining (Masson; panel C) for detection of renal pathological changes, glomerulosclerosis and collagen deposition, respectively. 400× magnification. The glomerulosclerosis and collagen accumulation were examined in PAS or Masson stained slices respectively (D, E) and quantified using Image-Pro plus 6.0 software. Data are presented as means ± SEM. n = 9 in diabetic group and n = 8 in each other group. *<i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding control group; #<i>p</i><0.05 vs. the corresponding DM group.</p