Image_1_Neural Basis of the Emotional Conflict Processing in Major Depression: ERPs and Source Localization Analysis on the N450 and P300 Components.TIF

<p>Objects: Effective psychological function requires that cognition is not affected by task-irrelevant emotional stimuli in emotional conflict. Depression is mainly characterized as an emotional disorder. The object of this study is to reveal the behavioral and electrophysiological signature of emotional conflict processing in major depressive disorder (MDD) using event-related potentials (ERPs) and standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) analysis.</p><p>Method: We used a face–word Stroop task involving emotional faces while recording EEG (electroencephalography) in 20 patients with MDD and 20 healthy controls (HCs). And then ERPs were extracted and the corresponding brain sources were reconstructed using sLORETA.</p><p>Results: Behaviorally, subjects with MDDs manifested significantly increased Stroop effect when examining the RT difference between happy incongruent trials and happy congruent trials, compared with HC subjects. ERP results exhibited that MDDs were characterized by the attenuated difference between P300 amplitude to sad congruent stimuli and sad incongruent stimuli, as electrophysiological evidence of impaired conflict processing in subjects with MDD. The sLORETA results showed that MDD patients had a higher current density in rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rostral ACC) within N450 time window in response to happy incongruent trials than happy congruent stimuli. Moreover, HC subjects had stronger activity in right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) region in response to incongruent stimuli than congruent stimuli, revealing successful inhibition of emotional distraction in HCs, which was absent in MDDs.</p><p>Conclusion: Our results indicated that rostral ACC was implicated in the processing of negative emotional distraction in MDDs, as well as impaired inhibition of task-irrelevant emotional stimuli, relative to HCs. This work furnishes novel behavioral and neurophysiological evidence that are closely related to emotional conflict among MDD patients.</p

Genotype frequencies of <i>XPF</i> variants among patients and controls and their association with ERCC risk.

<p>*Data were calculated by unconditional logistic regression, with the CC genotype as reference group and adjusted for gender, age, and smoking status.</p

Distribution of select characteristic among ESCC cases and controls.

<p>*Two-side χ2 test.</p

Sequencing and PCR-RFLP analysis of <i>XPF</i> polymorphisms.

<p>Figure A and C present sequencing pictures of genotypes of <i>XPF</i> -673 C>T and 11985A>G; Figure B presents the results of PCR-RFLP analysis of -673C>T polymorphism for representative cases (M: DNA marker; Cases 1, 3 and 5: CC genotype; Case 2 and 6: CT genotype; Case 4 and 7: TT genotype); Figure D presents the results of PCR-RFLP analysis of 11985A>G polymorphism for representative cases (M: DNA Marker; Case 1, 4 and 6: GG genotype; Case 5 and 7: AG genotype; Case 2 and 3: AA genotype).</p

Association of <i>XPF</i> -673C>T variant with ESCC risk stratified by selected variables.

<p>* Data were calculated by unc°nditional logistic regression and adjusted for gender, age, and smoking status, where it was appropriate.</p>§<p><i>P</i> values for gene-environment interaction.</p

Risk of gastric carcinoma associated with <i>TNFSF15</i> genotypes by <i>H. pylori</i> infection status.

<p>*Adjusted for age and sex.</p><p>Risk of gastric carcinoma associated with <i>TNFSF15</i> genotypes by <i>H. pylori</i> infection status.</p

Distribution of selected characteristics of gastric cancer patients (cases) and controls.

<p>*Two-sided χ² test.</p>†<p>According to the UICC Tumor-Node-Metastasis classification for gastric carcinoma (1997).</p><p>Distribution of selected characteristics of gastric cancer patients (cases) and controls.</p

Transient reporter gene expression assays with constructs containing full-length TNFSF15 promoter.

<p>Luciferase expression of constructs in (A) MGC-803 cells, (B) AGS cells, and (C) BGC-823 cells. Luciferase levels were normalized to the results obtained for empty vector and shown as the means and standard deviation (S. D.) of fold increase from 3 independent transfection experiments, each performed in triplicate. **<i>P</i><0.01 compared with the construct counterparts.</p

Risk estimates for extended <i>TNFSF15</i> haplotypes in gastric cancer patients and controls.

<p>*Adjusted for age, sex, and <i>H. pylori</i> infection.</p><p>Risk estimates for extended <i>TNFSF15</i> haplotypes in gastric cancer patients and controls.</p

EMSA with −358T or −358C containing oligonucleotides allele and nuclear extracts from HeLa cells.

<p>(A) Nuclear protein extracts from HeLa cells were incubated with biotin-labeled oligonucleotide probes containing −358T or −358C. The figure shows mobility of the labeled oligonucleotides without nuclear extracts (lanes 1 and 7), with nuclear extracts in the absence of competitor (lanes 2 and 8), with nuclear extracts in the presence of various unlabeled competitors as indicated at the bottom autoradiograph (lanes 3–6 and 9–12). The arrow indicates a major oligonucleotide-nuclear protein complex. (B) Nuclear protein extracts from HeLa cells were incubated with biotin-labeled oligonucleotide probes containing −358T or consensus NF-Y binding element. The lower arrow indicates major oligonucleotide-nuclear protein complex without antibody to NF-Y, and the upper arrow shows the protein complex with antibody to NF-Y (lane 5 and 10).</p