Soluble insulin receptor full-length (sIRαβ) stratified by HAND.

<p>Soluble insulin receptor (sIR) intact or full-length (αβ) subunit was measured by ELISA <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037358#pone.0037358-The1" target="_blank">[47]</a> in plasma (A) and CSF (B) of HIV-seropositive women (HIV+) (n = 34) stratified by HAND into normal cognition (n = 11), asymptomatic impairment (n = 8), and symptomatic impairment (n = 15); and 10 HIV-negative controls (HIV−) (5 plasma were different women from 5 CSF). In plasma (A), levels of full-length sIR were significantly increased from controls in all HIV-seropositive women and it correlated with the severity of HAND (normal cognition [p = 0.003], asymptomatic impairment [p<0.001], and symptomatic impairment [p<0.001]). Also, women with symptomatic impairment had significant higher levels of full-length sIR when compared to those with normal cognition (p = 0.009). A similar trend was observed in CSF samples (B), although the only significant increased was observed in the women with symptomatic impairment when compared to controls. (MFI = Median Fluorescence Intensity).</p

Membrane insulin receptor (mIR), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), and IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation levels in the CSF white cell pellet (CSF WCP) stratified by HAND.

a<p>For the mIR (MFI) and IRS-1 we analyzed 11 women with normal cognition, 8 with asymptomatic impairment, and 15 with symptomatic impairment. For IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation 5 women per group were analyzed;</p>b<p>significant p value<0.05^*;</p>c<p>MFI = Median Fluorescence Intensity; median (interquartile range [25^th and 75^th percentile]).</p

Soluble Insulin Receptor Levels (MFI) and HIV-seropositive women stratified by HAND.

a<p>MFI  =  Median Fluorescence Intensity; median (interquartile range [25^th and 75^th percentile]),</p>b<p>significant p value<0.05^*.</p

Soluble insulin receptor full-length (sIRαβ) and HIV.

<p>Soluble insulin receptor (sIR) intact or full-length (αβ) was measured in plasma (A) and CSF (B) of HIV-seropositive women (HIV+) (n = 34) and controls (HIV−) (n = 10, 5 with plasma and different 5 for CSF). The sIR subunits were determined using an ELISA <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037358#pone.0037358-The1" target="_blank">[47]</a> Significantly higher levels of full-length sIR was observed in HIV-seropositive women in plasma and CSF when compared with controls (p<0.001 and p = 0.003 respectively). (MFI = Median Fluorescence Intensity).</p

Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 (IRS-1) tyrosine phosphorylation stratified by HAND.

<p>Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) tyrosine phosphorylation was determined in CSF cell pellets of 23 HIV-seropositive women (HIV+) stratified by HAND (7 with normal cognition, 7 with asymptomatic impairment, and 9 with symptomatic impairment) using flow cytometry. A significant decrease in IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation was observed between HIV-seropositive women with normal cognition and symptomatic impairment (p = 0.02). (MFI = Median Fluorescence Intensity).</p

p53 contributes to DOX-induced cardiac injury.

<p>A. Representative electron micrographs demonstrating cardiomyocyte injury and morphometric quantification of subcellular injury in cardiomyocytes in WT and p53^(−/−) mice. WT (a) and p53^(−/−) (b) mice treated with saline demonstrated normal ultrastructure of heart muscle with cardiomyocytes showing numerous mitochondria (M), prominent myofilaments (Myo) and lipids (Lip). WT (c) and p53^(−/−) (d) mice treated with DOX demonstrated the following pathologic changes: lysosomal degradation of mitochondria (asterisk), mitochondria with loss of cristae (arrow), peri-mitochondrial swelling (double arrow), disruption of mitochondrial membranes (arrowhead), and mitochondrial degeneration (d); scale bar, 1 µm. B. Pathologic changes were quantified for saline and DOX treated mice in the mitochondria and total cellular area (excluding nuclei). Quantification of damage for each specific compartment is expressed in the ratio of damaged area versus the total area. All graphs represent the Mean ± SEM for each group. *p<0.05 when compared with saline treated mice of the same genotype, and ^#p<0.05 when compared with WT mice treated with DOX. n = 6 or 7. C & D. Left ventricular function, assessed by percentage of ejection fraction (LV%EF) (C) and fractional shortening (LV%FS) (D), is expressed in percentage of change from basal levels caused by saline and DOX three days after injections for WT and p53^(−/−) mice. All bar graphs represent the Mean ± SEM for each group. ^#p<0.05 when compared to all three other groups. n = 6–11.</p

DOX induces HNE adduction with pJNK and Bcl-2 phosphorylation, and triggers autophagic response.

<p>A. PhosphoJNK was detected by immunoprecipitation using a polyclonal goat anti-HNE antibody followed by Western blot analysis with a rabbit polyclonal Thr183/Tyr185 phosphorylation specific JNK antibody. Quantitative analysis represents the Mean ± SEM (n = 5) in each group; *p<0.001 as compared to other groups. B. Western blot analysis of p-Bcl2 in cardiac mitochondria from WT and p53^(−/−) mice treated with saline or DOX and quantitative analysis represents the Mean ± SEM n = 5 in each group; *p<0.001 as compared to other groups. C. Western blot analysis of Beclin1 in cardiac mitochondria from WT and p53^(−/−) mice treated with saline or DOX and quantitative analysis represents the Mean ± SEM n = 5 in each group; *p<0.001 as compared to other groups. D. Co-immunoprecipitation of Beclin1 with Bcl-2 in cardiac mitochondria from WT and p53^(−/−) mice treated with saline or DOX and quantitative analysis represents the Mean ± SEM n = 5 in each group; *p<0.01 as compared to other groups.</p

Absence of p53 selectively reduces DOX-induced oxidative damage in the mitochondria.

<p>A. Representative immunogold electron micrographs using antibody against 4HNE protein adducts in cardiomyocytes. Electron dense beads indicate positive staining for 4HNE protein adducts (arrow). Left ventricular tissues from WT (a) and p53^(−/−) (b) mice treated with saline demonstrate low labeling of 4HNE in mitochondria (M) and myofilaments (Myo) (a and b). Significant increase in labeling of 4HNE protein adducts was observed in both mitochondria and myofilaments of the WT mice hearts (c) but not in the p53^(−/−) mice (d) treated with DOX. Scale bar, 1 µm. B, C, and D. 4HNE-immunoreactive protein adducts were quantified in cardiomyocyte cytoplasm (B), mitochondria (C) and nuclei (D) for both WT and p53^(−/−) mice treated with saline and DOX. Labeling density is expressed in gold beads/µm². All graphs represent the Mean ± SEM for each group. *p<0.05 when compared with saline treated mice of the same genotype, ^# p<0.05 when compared with WT mice similarly treated.</p

p53 triggers autophagy and cell death.

<p>A. Biochemical marker for cardiac injury by autophagy. Western blot analysis of autophagy marker (LC3) expression in heart tissue homogenates from WT and p53^(−/−) mice treated with saline or DOX. Quantitative analysis represents the Mean ± SEM n = 5 in each group; ^#p<0.001 as compared to other groups. B. Western blot analysis of gamma H2AX marker for cell death in heart tissue nuclear extracts from WT and p53^(−/−) mice treated with saline or DOX. Quantitative analysis represents the Mean ± SEM n = 5 in each group. ^#p<0.001 as compared to other groups.</p

p53 enhances DOX-induced cardiac injury, in part, via enhancement of oxidative stress in mitochondria.

<p>The absence of p53 selectively prevents DOX-mediated increase in oxidative stress indicators, including 4HNE-adducted proteins in mitochondria but not in the nucleus. DOX-induced p53-dependent increased oxidative stress in mitochondria is associated with sustained activation of JNK1 and subsequent phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and release of beclin from the Bcl-2-beclin complex resulting in detrimental effect of autophagy (cellular injury).</p