Effects of storage on the quality of selected sachet water produced within Sabon Gari Local Government area of Kaduna State

Water is life and every living thing depends on it for existence. Sachet water has gradually become the most widely consumed liquid in Nigeria with varying qualities. This study investigates the effects of storage on the physicochemical status and bacteriological quality of selected sachet water produced in Sabon Gari Local government area of Kaduna state. Five (5) brands of sachet water were collected within 24h of production and stored at ambient temperature. Sub samples were drawn from the stock samples for physico-chemical and microbiological analyses and on weekly basis. Physical parameters were determined by instrumental methods. Cationic and anionic constituents were determined by standard titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods. Temperature, pH, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Colour values ranged from (24.8 - 29.6) °C, (7.3 - 8.4), (0.36 - 0.77) NTU, (63.3 - 99.6) ppm, (131.5 - 210.5) ps/cm and (2 - 8) Pt -Co, respectively. The Total hardness, Alkalinity, Chloride, Nitrate, Fluoride, and Iron values varied from (39 - 85) mg/l, (18- 77) mg/l, (29.2 - 248.7) mg/l, (0.22 - 1.30) mg/l, (0.15 - 1.05) mg/l, and (0.00 - 0.07) mg/l and with an average coliform count of 15.4 MNP/100ml. The physico-chemical analysis indicated that the average values of the parameters of all the sachet water brands were below the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits. Bacteriological analysis in terms of total coliform revealed that all the sachet water brands showed positive coliform count value while the biochemical test indicated contaminations with Enterobacter spp making it unfit for portability. The study advocates proper water treatment by water manufacturers and strict monitoring for compliance by the regulatory agencies to avoid water borne diseases

Generation of reactive oxygen species in relevant cell lines as a bio-indicator of oxidative effects caused by acid mine water

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and resultant oxidative stress (OS) has been implicated as a pathway of toxicity in animal species exposed to pollutants. The gills of aquatic animals and the liver and kidneys of mammalian species are specific cellular sites of toxicity. Oxidative effects of acid mine drainage effluent (following passive and active treatment) impacting a natural stream were assessed using selected cell lines. Levels of pollutants such as heavy metals in acid mine drainage (AMD) effluent can be quantified following treatment, but it is unknown whether this is associated with equivalent reduction in toxicity. ROS production by AMD untreated (U) and after treatment (T) was quantified in a fish gill cell line (RTgill-W1) and in two mammalian cell lines (C3A human liver and Vero monkey kidney). ROS production was determined using the oxidant sensitive fluorogenic probe, 2′, 7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) following exposure to U and T, AMD water. Treatment of AMD water caused reduction in levels of Al, Zn, Fe, Si and Mn while levels of Cr, Cu, Ar and Hg remained unchanged. A dose-dependent increase in ROS production was observed for U and T. ROS formation decreased from 14% to 4.5%, 16.4% to 7.2% and 25.3% to 17.7% in the RTgill-W1, C3A, and Vero cell lines exposed to 100% AMD water, U and T. The presence of Mn and/or other ions in treated water and subsequent ROS formation indicates that water could still be toxic to cells and requires further processing. The DCFH-DA assay in several cell lines can be used to rapidly bio-monitor quality of AMD water related to formation of ROS and subsequent cellular effects. However, cut-off levels for cellular toxicity must be established to ensure safety of this water for aquatic animals and for animal and human consumption.OTI is grateful to the Schlumberger Stichting Fund, The Netherlands for a fellowship. The National Research Foundation and the Department of Paraclinical Sciences (University of Pretoria) are acknowledged for research funding [Project number: V027-12].http://www.wrc.org.zaam2017AnatomyParaclinical Science

A Step Beyond the Bounce: Bubble Dynamics in Quantum Phase Transitions

We study the dynamical evolution of a phase interface or bubble in the context of a \lambda \phi^4 + g \phi^6 scalar quantum field theory. We use a self-consistent mean-field approximation derived from a 2PI effective action to construct an initial value problem for the expectation value of the quantum field and two-point function. We solve the equations of motion numerically in (1+1)-dimensions and compare the results to the purely classical evolution. We find that the quantum fluctuations dress the classical profile, affecting both the early time expansion of the bubble and the behavior upon collision with a neighboring interface.Comment: 12 pages, multiple figure

Reconstruction of the Primordial Power Spectrum using Temperature and Polarisation Data from Multiple Experiments

We develop a method to reconstruct the primordial power spectrum, P(k), using both temperature and polarisation data from the joint analysis of a number of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) observations. The method is an extension of the Richardson-Lucy algorithm, first applied in this context by Shafieloo & Souradeep. We show how the inclusion of polarisation measurements can decrease the uncertainty in the reconstructed power spectrum. In particular, the polarisation data can constrain oscillations in the spectrum more effectively than total intensity only measurements. We apply the estimator to a compilation of current CMB results. The reconstructed spectrum is consistent with the best-fit power spectrum although we find evidence for a `dip' in the power on scales k ~ 0.002 Mpc^-1. This feature appears to be associated with the WMAP power in the region 18 < l < 26 which is consistently below best--fit models. We also forecast the reconstruction for a simulated, Planck-like survey including sample variance limited polarisation data.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, comments welcom

Constraints on dark matter-nucleon effective couplings in the presence of kinematically distinct halo substructures using the DEAP-3600 detector

DEAP-3600 is a single-phase liquid argon detector aiming to directly detect weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), located at SNOLAB (Sudbury, Canada). After analyzing data taken during the first year of operation, a null result was used to place an upper bound on the WIMP-nucleon, spin-independent, isoscalar cross section. This study reinterprets this result within a nonrelativistic effective field theory framework and further examines how various possible substructures in the local dark matter halo may affect these constraints. Such substructures are hinted at by kinematic structures in the local stellar distribution observed by the Gaia satellite and other recent astronomical surveys. These include the Gaia Sausage (or Enceladus), as well as a number of distinct streams identified in recent studies. Limits are presented for the coupling strength of the effective contact interaction operators O1, O3, O5, O8, and O11, considering isoscalar, isovector, and xenonphobic scenarios, as well as the specific operators corresponding to millicharge, magnetic dipole, electric dipole, and anapole interactions. The effects of halo substructures on each of these operators are explored as well, showing that the O5 and O8 operators are particularly sensitive to the velocity distribution, even at dark matter masses above 100 GeV=c

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Navigating marriage as the breadwinner

Chapter 12 How do Christian women navigate the call to both the academy and motherhood? In this unique resource by and for Christian academic mothers, contributors combine research with personal stories to provide wisdom, encouragement, and solidarity. Hear from women with a similar vocational journey who come from different backgrounds, academic disciplines, and stages of parenting and caree

God Forgive Us for Being Women : Rhetoric, Theology, and the Pentecostal Tradition

The role of women in church leadership is controversial; however, the Pentecostal tradition, and specifically the Assemblies of God, has held that women can serve at all levels of church leadership. There is no role that is off-limits to women. Citing their distinctive approach to theology, Pentecostals embrace women\u27s leadership in policy, but in practice, women are often frustrated by the lack of opportunity and representation in leadership roles. By exploring the rhetorical history, how Pentecostals talk about the role of women, the purpose of this book is to expose those rhetorical constraints that create dissonance and discontentment. This book explores how Pentecostals use and are used by language that shapes this dissonance and how that impacts the lived reality of both men and women in the Pentecostal traditionhttps://digitalcommons.biola.edu/faculty-books/1338/thumbnail.jp