Tadpole deposition behaviour in male stream frogs Mannophryne trinitatis (Anura : Dendrobatidae)

Figure 2. Histogram showing the number of tadpole depositions in each size class at Mount Saint Benedict (with collection of tadpoles every other day, N522).Published as part of Jowers, M. J. & Downie, J. R., 2005, Tadpole deposition behaviour in male stream frogs Mannophryne trinitatis (Anura: Dendrobatidae), pp. 3013-3027 in Journal of Natural History 39 (32) on page 3020, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500221239, http://zenodo.org/record/522007

The number of ciliaries in contact with the last supraocular.

<p>This is useful for identification since some taxa tend to have two ciliaries in contact with the last supraocular, while others tend to have three. The white markers denote the ciliaries in contact with the last supraocular.</p

The distribution of members of the genus <i>Tupinambis</i>.

<p>Large circular markers denote the localities of specimens sampled for DNA. Smaller circular markers denote localities of specimens identified using morphology: Green is clade 1 (<i>T</i>. <i>cuzcoensis</i> sp. n.), blue is clade 2 (<i>T</i>. <i>teguixin</i>), purple is clade 3, (<i>T</i>. <i>zuliensis</i> sp. n.), and red is clade 4 (<i>T</i>. <i>cryptus</i> sp. n.). The two most northern red circles represent the islands of Tobago and Trinidad respectively. The other markers denote other species of <i>Tupinambis</i> not in the teguixin group. Red X = <i>T</i>. <i>palustris</i>. Black X = <i>T</i>. <i>longilineus</i>. Aqua blue circles = <i>T</i>. <i>quadrilineatus</i>.</p

Six specimens of the <i>Tupinambis teguixin</i> Group presently considered <i>Tupinambis teguixin</i>.

<p>(a) Roraima, Brazil (b, c); Guyana (d) Trinidad; (e) Peru, Department Loreto, near the Madre Selva field station, on the Rio Orosa; (f) Tobago. Photographers: (a) GRC; (b, c) Armida Madngisa; (d, f) JCM; (e) Mike Pingleton.</p

Two traits that are useful in separating the four species of the <i>Tupinambis teguixin</i> group.

<p>First, the shape and size of the scales on the anterior surface of the femur: (A) <i>T</i>. <i>cuzcoensis</i>; (B) <i>T</i>. <i>cryptus</i> (C) <i>T</i>. <i>teguixin</i> (D) <i>T</i>. <i>zuliensis</i>. Second, the upper labial under the anterior corner of the orbit (E, F). The inside corner of the orbit is over the third upper labial in <i>Tupinambis teguixin</i>, and the fourth upper labial in <i>T</i>. <i>cryptus</i>. The supratemporals are numbered. <i>Tupinambis teguixin</i> (E) usually has two supratemporals and <i>T</i>. <i>cryptus</i> (F) usually has three supratemporals.</p

The neolectotype of <i>Lacerta teguixin</i> (NRM 121).

<p>Photo credit Sven O. Kullander.</p

The GRRF results.

<p>(A) Importance of meristic counts in predicting individual assignments to four species of <i>Tupinambis</i> lizards based on mean decrease in Gini accuracy as revealed by 100 replicates of 10-fold cross-validation of Guided Regularized Random Forests (GRRF). The higher the mean decrease in Gini accuracy, the higher the predictor importance. (B) Prediction error of GRRF models based on reducing number of predictors ranked by importance, as revealed by 100 replicates of 10-fold cross-validation. (C) Variation in vertebral rows and scales around midbody, the two best predictors of differences among four species of <i>Tupinambis</i> lizards.</p

Comparison of the four species of the <i>Tupinambis teguixin</i> group.

<p>IP = interparietal, R = range, SD = standard deviation, X = mean. * = usually three, ** usually two.</p

<i>Tupinambis cuzcoensis</i> sp. n. FMNH 168330 from Madre Dio, Peru.

<p>JCM.</p