Ultrahigh vacuum gauges

002704620 Ionization gauges exclusively are used for ultrahigh vacuum. After a brief history, the design, use, and accuracy of ionization gauges will be described in this article

Gauges for fine and high vacuum

Vacuum gauges for use in accelerators have to cover about 17 decades of pressure, from 10–12 Pa to 105 Pa. In this article we describe the history, measurement mode, design, accuracy and calibration of the gauges used down to 10–5 Pa. We focus on commercially available types of gauges, i.e., mechanical gauges, piezoresistive and capacitance diaphragm gauges, thermal conductivity gauges, and spinning rotor gauges

Nudging Cooperation in a Crowd Experiment

We examine the hypothesis that driven by a competition heuristic, people don't even reflect or consider whether a cooperation strategy may be better. As a paradigmatic example of this behavior we propose the zero-sum game fallacy, according to which people believe that resources are fixed even when they are not. We demonstrate that people only cooperate if the competitive heuristic is explicitly overridden in an experiment in which participants play two rounds of a game in which competition is suboptimal. The observed spontaneous behavior for most players was to compete. Then participants were explicitly reminded that the competing strategy may not be optimal. This minor intervention boosted cooperation, implying that competition does not result from lack of trust or willingness to cooperate but instead from the inability to inhibit the competition bias. This activity was performed in a controlled laboratory setting and also as a crowd experiment. Understanding the psychological underpinnings of these behaviors may help us improve cooperation and thus may have vast practical consequences to our society.Fil: Niella, Tamara. Universidad Torcuato di Tella; ArgentinaFil: Stier, Nicolas. Universidad Torcuato di Tella; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Sigman, Mariano. Universidad Torcuato di Tella; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin