Distribucija participacije u procesu donošenja odluka na temama vezanim uz ekonomsko poslovanje poduzeća

Two groups of research: one concerning the influence of participation in decision making process on the humanistic variables and another concerning the power distribution in Yugoslav industry pointed indirectly to a fact that the general inclusion of all the members in the self-management system has not been achieved yet. Owing to this we decided on an observation of the decision making process at the workers council meetings in order to assess a real distribution of participation and the determinants of its intensity. The observation stated in 1966. After a pilot study in four companies consisting of a six months period, the observation was extended to twenty companies in four republics: Bosnia, Croatia, Macedonia and Serbia. Each workers’ council meeting in these companies was observed three years — the course of each session being registered according to an elaborated code and uniform methodology. Participation was defined in five dimensions: 1) frequency of discussions, 2) duration of discussions, 3) frequency of explanations, 4) frequency of original proposals, 5) frequency of proposals accepted. After pooling all the observations a group of eight economists and psychologists grouped them according to the content into 15 categories: 1) problems concerning the market, 2) cooperation with other companies, 3) internal economical problems, 4) distribution of wages, 5) technological problems, 6) personnel policy, 7) human relations on the group level, 8) human relations on the individual level, 9) social standard and social welfare, 10) problems pertaining to the organization of the company, 11) organization of work, 12) external and internal policy, 13) normative activities, 14) operative problems, 15) miscellaneous. By this study it is attempted to assess the impact of some independent variables such as: 1) educational level, 2) membership in the Communist League, 3) membership in the workers’ councils, 4) functional organization and 5) place in the hierarchy of the company, on the intensity of participation in the first four categories. The results obtained point to a dominance of the individuals of a higher educational level in all four fields, although the differences between the fields exist too. Also, the results show that the majority of active participants are the members of the Communist League, being also most frequent in giving the proposals accepted afterwards. The majority of active participants come outside of the workers councils — nonmembers being most frequent in giving proposals, explanations and accepted proposals. The functional organization of the company proved to be very significant for the participation, the most active being the individuals from the management and central expert services. Hierarchical place in the company strongly determines the intensity of participation. In general, the results obtained confirm the hypothesis that the proportionate participation of different socio-professional groups has not been achieved, but it depends heavily on the educational level, functional organization and the individual\u27s place in the hierarchical structure of the company

Die Kinderzahl einer Familie als Prädiktor für die Zufriedenheit der Eltern mit dem eigenen Leben

It is to be expected that the marital partners\u27 life satisfaction in a given society is closely related to fertility issues and willingness to have children, so any insight into determinants of marital partners\u27 life satisfaction is of utmost theoretical and practical importance. A research was performed with the aim to test the influence of number of children in the family on marital partners\u27 life satisfaction. Five hundred and five marriage couples, i.e. 1010 participants were included in the study. The couples were a representative sample for the City of Zagreb and Zagreb metropolitan area on the variable husbands\u27 education. Two main effects (number of children and gender of the partner) and five covariates (marital partners\u27 age and salary, size of dwelling unit, economic stress/need for economizing) were defined. ANOVA and ANCOVAs including five covariates were performed, the independent variable defining three groups: no child, one child and two and more children in the family. The statistically significant difference between these groups was obtained only after variables economic stress/need for economizing as perceived by marital partners were included into analysis together with other covariates. In that case the highest level of life satisfaction was expressed by parents having two and more children. The obtained results clearly demonstrated the importance of economic factors for marital partners\u27 life satisfaction, more precisely the subjective experience of the family\u27s economic situation. No influence of gender of the marital partner nor the interaction between two main effects was found after the complete control for covariates was performed.Opravdano je očekivati da će životno zadovoljstvo roditelja u bilo kojem društvu biti najuže povezano s pitanjima fertiliteta i željom roditelja da imaju djecu, pa je svaka spoznaja o odrednicama roditeljskoga životnog zadovoljstva i teorijski i praktično vrlo važna. Na petsto i pet bračnih parova, tj. 1010 ispitanika provedeno je istraživanje s ciljem da se ispita utjecaj broja djece u obitelji na životno zadovoljstvo roditelja. Bračni parovi predstavljaju reprezentativni uzorak za grad Zagreb i Zagrebačku županiju prema varijabli muževljeva naobrazba. Definirana su dva glavna efekta (broj djece i spol roditelja) i pet kovarijata (dob roditelja, plaća roditelja, veličina stambene jedinice i ekonomski stres/ potreba za ekonomiziranjem). Postupkom ANOVA i ANCOVA, uz pet definiranih kovarijata, određene su razlike među tri skupine: obitelji bez djece, s jednim djetetom i s dvoje i više djece. Dobivena je statistički značajna razlika među skupinama tek onda kad se, uz ostale kovarijate, u analizu uvrstila varijabla ekonomski stres i potreba za ekonomiziranjem. U tim uvjetima najveće životno zadovoljstvo izražavala je skupina roditelja koji imaju dvoje i više djece. Dobiveni su rezultati jasno pokazali važnost ekonomskih odrednica životnoga zadovoljstva roditelja, zapravo važnost subjektivnoga doživljaja obiteljskoga ekonomskog stanja. U analizi se nije pokazala važnost spola roditelja za njihovo životno zadovoljstvo kao niti interakcija između dva glavna efekta nakon što je provedena kontrola za sve kovarijate.Man darf zu Recht erwarten, dass die Zufriedenheit von Eltern mit dem eigenen Leben in jeder beliebigen Gesellschaft aufs engste mit dem Kinderwunsch und seiner Verwirklichung in Zusammenhang steht. Jegliche Erkenntnis über die Merkmale elterlicher Zufriedenheit ist insofern von allergrößter theoretischer und praktischer Bedeutung. Die dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegende Untersuchung hatte zum Ziel, die Auswirkung der Kinderzahl auf die Zufriedenheit von insgesamt 505 Ehepaaren bzw. 1010 Untersuchungspersonen zu ermitteln. Die befragten Ehepaare stellen bezüglich des Bildungsstandes des männlichen Ehepartners eine für die Stadt und Gespanschaft Zagreb repräsentative Bevölkerungsgruppe dar. Es wurden zwei Hauptausgangspunkte definiert (Kinderzahl und Geschlecht des befragten Elternteils) sowie fünf Kontrollvariablen (Alter der Eltern, Einkommen der Eltern, Größe der Wohnfläche und finanzieller Stress/notwendige Sparmaßnahmen). Anhand des ANOVA- und ANCOVA-Verfahrens und unter Einbezug der genannten fünf Kontrollvariablen ermittelte man Unterschiede zwischen folgenden drei Gruppen: Familien ohne Kinder, Familien mit einem Kind und Familien mit zwei und mehr Kindern. Ein statistisch wesentlicher Unterschied zwischen den befragten Gruppen war erst dann festzustellen, als zu den übrigen Kontrollvariablen die Variable \u27finanzieller Stress/notwendige Sparmaßnahmen\u27 hinzukam. In diesem Zusammenhang äußerten Paare mit zwei und mehr Kindern die größte Zufriedenheit mit sich und dem Leben. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen deutlich, wie wichtig materielle Faktoren für die Zufriedenheit der Eltern sind (im Grunde geht es darum, wie die Ehepartner die materiellen Verhältnisse der Familie erleben). Nicht ausschlaggebend war hingegen das Geschlecht des befragten Elternteils, ebenso wenig die Interaktion zwischen den genannten zwei Hauptausgangspunkten nach Überprüfung der Kontrollvariablen

Radni stres i kvaliteta braka zaposlenih bračnih partnera: provjera triju posredničkih modela

This research was conducted on 340 full-time employed marital couples representing a proportional quota sample of inhabitants that live in Zagreb and its metropolitan area. The aim was to test the effect of stress on marital quality when mediated by three variables. Three models were created using mediator variables: Perception of negative spillover from work in the first model, Marital strain in the second model and Depression in the third model. Structural equation modeling (SEM) ML Robust was used to test the effect of work stress. Results show that work stress decreases marital quality via mediator variables in both marital partners. Although all three models fit the data, the explanatory power of the models was different. The model in which Marital strain was the mediator variable turned out to be the best in terms of explanatory power, explaining 26% of wives\u27 and 17% of husbands\u27 variance of the variable Marital quality. The obtained results are discussed and suggestions for further research of the topic are suggested.Provedeno je istraživanje na 340 zaposlenih bračnih parova koji predstavljaju proporcionalni kvotni uzorak zaposlenih za Grad Zagreb i Zagrebačku županiju. Cilj je istraživanja bio provjeriti posredno djelovanje doživljaja radnoga stresa na kvalitetu braka bračnih partnera. Konstruirana su tri teoretska modela. U prvom je modelu posrednička varijabla bila percepcija negativnoga prijenosa iz rada, u drugom doživljaj bračnoga stresa, a u trećem depresija. Za provjeru posrednoga djelovanja radnoga stresa na kvalitetu braka primijenjeno je modeliranje strukturalnim jednadžbama, i to ML ROBUST. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da radni stres posredno djeluje na kvalitetu braka. Za sva tri modela dobiveni su rezultati koji pokazuju da postoji slaganje između svakoga modela i podataka, ali se snaga modela bitno razlikuje. Najsnažniji se pokazao model u kojem je posrednička varijabla bila bračni stres. Tim je modelom objašnjeno 26% varijance varijable kvalitete braka žena i 17% varijance kvalitete braka muževa. U radu se raspravljaju dobiveni rezultati i upućuje kamo i u kojem smjeru trebaju ubuduće ići istraživanja ovoga problema

Mißhandlung in der Familie – Die Reaktionen von Kindern auf Elternkonflikte geringerer Intensität

The research was performed on 402 fathers and 438 mothers with the goal to test how parental experience of being verbally abused by spouse affects child\u27s mood instability. In fathers\u27 sample 592 children of different age, birth order and sex were included while in mother\u27s sample 640 children of different age, birth order and sex were included. Three sets of variables: independent (experience of being verbally abused by spouse), control (child\u27s gender, child\u27s birth order, child\u27s age and parental exeperience of being physically abused by spouse) and dependent variable (child\u27s mood instability) were defined. ANOVA and ANCOVA statistical procedure was used to analyze data. According to the obtained results mother\u27s experience of being verbally abused by spouse did not affect child\u27s mood instability after control variables were introduced in the analysis. In contrast to these, the results for the father\u27s experience of being verbally abused by spouse produced different effects. After statistical control was performed, the father\u27s experience of being verbally abused by spouse did affect child\u27s mood instability. Explanation of the results is offered in accordance with the existing theories and previous research data.Provedeno je istraživanje na uzorku 402 oca i 438 majki s ciljem da se provjeri kako doživljaj roditelja da su u braku verbalno zlostavljani djeluje na djetetovu emocionalnu nestabilnost. U uzorak očeva uključena su 592 djeteta različite dobi, redoslijeda rođenja i spola, a u uzorak majki 640 djece različite dobi, redoslijeda rođenja i spola. Definirane su tri skupine varijabla: nezavisna (roditeljev doživljaj verbalnog zlostavljanja od bračnog partnera), kontrolne (djetetov spol, djetetov redoslijed rođenja, djetetova dob i roditeljev doživljaj fizičkog zlostavljanja od bračnog partnera) i zavisna varijabla (djetetova emocionalna nestabilnost). Primijenjeni su ANOVA i ANCOVA statistički postupci. Prema dobivenim rezultatima, majčin doživljaj verbalnog zlostavljanja od bračnog partnera nije utjecao na djetetovu emocionalnu nestabilnost nakon što su u analizu uvedene kontrolne varijable. Suprotno tome, očev doživljaj verbalnog zlostavljanja od bračnog partnera proizveo je drukčiji rezultat. Naime, nakon što je provedena statistička kontrola, očev doživljaj verbalnog zlostavljanja od bračnog partnera značajno je utjecao na djetetovu emocionalnu nestabilnost. Interpretacija i rasprava rezultata provedene su u skladu s postojećim teorijama i prijašnjim istraživačkim rezultatima, a osobito se naglašava moguć utjecaj čimbenika specifične kulture.Vorliegende Arbeit beruht auf einer Untersuchung, die unter 402 Vätern und 438 Müttern durchgeführt wurde und ermitteln sollte, wie sich die subjektive Erfahrung der Eltern, voneinander verbal mißhandelt zu werden, auf die emotionale Stabilität des Kindes auswirkt. Zur Untersuchungsgruppe der Väter wurden 592 Kinder unterschiedlicher Altersstufen und beider Geschlechter herangezogen, zur Untersuchungsgruppe der Mütter 640 Kinder, ebenfalls unterschiedlichen Alters und beider Geschlechter. Es wurden drei Variablengruppen definiert: 1. unabhängige Variablen (die subjektive Erfahrung eines Elternteils, von seiten des Ehepartners verbal mißhandelt zu werden), 2. Kontrollvariablen (Geschlecht des Kindes, die jeweilige Reihenfolge seiner Geburt /im Verhältnis zu Geschwistern/, sein Alter und die subjektive Erfahrung eines Elternteils, von seiten des Ehepartners körperlich mißhandelt zu werden) und 3. abhängige Variablen (emotionale Instabilität des Kindes). Angewandt wurden die statistischen Verfahren ANOVA und ANCOVA. Laut Ergebnissen hatte, nach Einführung von Kontrollvariablen in die Analyse, die subjektive Erfahrung der Mutter, von ihrem Ehepartner verbal mißhandelt zu werden, keinerlei Auswirkung auf die emotionale Stabilität des Kindes. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigte die Erfahrung des Vaters, verbaler Mißhandlung von seiten der Ehepartnerin ausgesetzt zu sein, ein anderes Resultat. Nach Durchführung einer statistischen Kontrolle erwies sich, daß die väterliche Erfahrung die emotionale Stabilität des Kindes wesentlich beeinflußte. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse wurden im Einklang mit den bestehenden Theorien und vorher erzielten Resultaten interpretiert und diskutiert, wobei der mögliche Einfluß der jeweils spezifischen Kulturzugehörigkeit ganz besonders beachtet wurde

Korrelate allgemeiner subjektiver Zufriedenheit von Frauen in der Ehe

Seven hundred and seventy marriage couples in the city of Zagreb were included in the study of potential predictors of marriage satisfaction. Marriage satisfaction was defined as a global feeling of satisfaction in marriage (measured by 1-item 5-point scale), and only wife’s marital satisfaction was measured. Seventy seven potential predictors grouped in 5 blocks were entered into hierarchical and step-wise hierarchical regression. The blocks were: premarital partners’ characteristics, both partners’ perception of marital processes, objective and subjective economic status of the family, objective marital characteristics and outof- marriage influences. Five blocks of predictors explained 47% of dependent variable variance, with the block marriage processes contributing the most. The most important predictors of wife’s global marital satisfaction proved to be wife’s perception of sexual intimacy in marriage, love for husband, feeling of being loved by husband but also husband’s perception of sexual intimacy in marriage, and his less participating in raising children and strategic decision making.Ispitano je 770 bračnih parova u gradu Zagrebu s ciljem da se utvrde korelati ili prediktori bračnoga zadovoljstva. Bračno je zadovoljstvo definirano kao opće zadovoljstvo u braku (izmjereno jednim pitanjem u pet stupnjeva), određivalo se samo ženino bračno zadovoljstvo kao važnije obilježje za stabilnost braka i ispitana je povezanost 77 potencijalnih prediktora sa ženinim općim bračnim zadovoljstvom. Potencijalni prediktori podijeljeni su u pet skupina: predbračne karakteristike partnera, percepcija bračnih procesa u oba partnera, objektivni i subjektivni ekonomski položaj obitelji, objektivne bračne karakteristike i utjecaji izvan braka. Rezultati dobiveni metodom hijerarhijske regresije i stupnjevite hijerarhijske regresije pokazuju da pet skupina prediktora zajedno objašnjava 47 posto varijance varijable ženino opće bračno zadovoljstvo, no uglavnom je skupina bračni procesi značajno pridonijela objašnjenju varijance zavisne varijable. Najznačajnijima za opće bračno zadovoljstvo žene pokazale su se varijable: ženina percepcija postignute seksualne intimnosti, ljubav prema mužu i osjećaj da je muž voli, ali i muževljeva percepcija postignute seksualne intimnosti te njegova manja participacija u odgoju djece i donošenju bitnih obiteljskih odluka.Die vorliegende Untersuchung umfasste 770 in Zagreb lebende Ehepaare und hatte zum Ziel, die Korrelate oder Prädiktoren für die Zufriedenheit der Ehepartner zu ermitteln. Die Zufriedenheit der Ehepartner wurde definiert als "allgemeine Zufriedenheit in der Ehe" (ermittelt anhand einer Frage, die wiederum in fünf Teilfragen unterteilt war). Die Aufmerksamkeit galt ausschließlich der Zufriedenheit der Frau, da dies als einer der wichtigsten Faktoren für die Stabilität der Ehe gilt. Untersucht wurde der Bezug zwischen der allgemeinen Zufriedenheit der Frau und 77 potentiellen Prädiktoren. Die potentiellen Prädiktoren wurden in 5 Gruppen unterteilt und lauten: Partnereigenschaften vor der Ehe, Wahrnehmung ehelicher Vorgänge von seiten beider Partner, der objektive und subjektive wirtschaftliche Status der Familie, objektive Charakteristiken der Ehe und außereheliche Einflüsse. Die Methode der hierarchischen Regression sowie der stufenweisen hierarchischen Regression ergab folgendes Resultat: Die 5 Prädiktorengruppen erklären zusammen insgesamt 47% Varianzen der untersuchten Variablen, d.h. der allgemeinen Zufriedenheit der Frau in der Ehe; jedoch hat die Gruppe der ehelichen Vorgänge wesentlich zur Erklärung der Varianz der entsprechenden Variablen beigetragen. Als die bedeutendsten Faktoren für die Zufriedenheit der Frau in der Ehe erwiesen sich folgende Variablen: die in der Wahrnehmung der Frau erzielte sexuelle Intimität, die Liebe zum Mann und das Gefühl, vom Mann wiedergeliebt zu werden, ebenso aber auch die in der Wahrnehmung des Gatten erzielte sexuelle Intimität sowie der geringere Anteil des männlichen Ehepartners bei der Erziehung der Kinder und bei wichtigen familiären Entschlüssen

Psycho-Social Prerequisites for the Care for the Elderly

Nagle demografske promjene i trendovi koji prate urbanizaciju i modernizaciju zaoštravaju probleme brige i skrbi za stare ljude u cijelome svijetu. Zbog toga se traže i proučavaju oblici skrbi koji bi bili najpovoljniji za stare ljude, njihove skrbnike i društvo općenito. No pitanje o tome što je najpovoljniji oblik brige za stare ljude veoma je složeno. S jedne strane, za zadovoljstvo starih ljudi neophodan je osjećaj financijske i osobne autonomije koju osiguravaju primjerena davanja društva. S druge strane, financijska osiguranost nije dovoljna, jer za zdravlje, zadovoljstvo i dobrobit starih ljudi veliku važnost imaju odnosi s njihovom odraslom djecom. Iako podaci iz razvijenog svijeta, a i iz svijeta u razvoju pokazuju da unatoč modernizaciji i porastu obrazovne razine pučanstva u većini zemalja još uvijek postoji snažna međunaraštajna povezanost i solidarnost, te da se u većini slučajeva stari ljudi mogu pouzdati na neku vrstu pomoći od svoje djece, mnogobrojni psihosocijalni čimbenici otežavaju uspostavljanje dobrih međunaraštajnih odnosa i ugrožavaju skrb koju odrasla djeca trebaju ili žele pružiti svojim roditeljima.Rapid demographic changes and trends following the urbanisation and modernisation intensify the problems of care for elderly people in the whole world. Therefore many various ways of care are being implemented and analysed with the aim to find out the ones that are most favourable for elderly people, the caregivers and society in general. However, the question what constitutes the best kind of care is not a simple one. On one hand, for the satisfaction of elderly people it is indispensable to have a feeling of personal and financial autonomy assured by a good social policy. On the other hand, the financial security is not enough, as good relations with their adult children are most important for the satisfaction and welfare of elderly people. Although the research results from both the developed and developing world point that, despite modernisation and rising educational level, strong intergenerational solidarity exists in most countries, and in most cases elderly people can rely on some sort of assistance from their children, numerous psychosocial factors impede the establishment of good intergenerational relations and jeopardise the care that adult children should provide to their parents

The Influences of Family\u27s Socio-Economic Status on Marital, Familial and Socialization Processes

U hrvatskom je društvu u tijeku značajna transformacija s izrazitim društvenim raslojavanjem, te varijabla socio-ekonomski položaj postaje vjerojatno mnogo važnija nego što je bila prije. Logično je tako očekivati da če socio-ekonomski položaj pojedinca ili obitelji imati uskoro daleko veći utjecaj na različite oblike ponašanja i dinamiku odnosa u obitelji i na obitelj kao agens socijalizacije nego što je imao prije. Istodobno, ne postoje ni teorije, a niti istraživanja o djelovanju socio-ekonomskoga položaja obitelji na obiteljske i socijalizacijske varijable u hrvatskome društvu. Članak daje pregled teorija i istraživanja kako bi prikazao, opisao i objasnio djelovanje socio-ekonomskoga položaja na obiteljske i socijalizacijske varijable u međunarodnome iskustvu. Glavni je cilj rada da opisivanjem i objašnjavanjem stranoga iskustva, bez pretenzija generalizacije na naše uvjete, ponudi pretpostavljene odnose tih varijabli u našim uvjetima te potakne domaća istraživanja na ovom vrlo važnom području za hrvatsko društvo.Croatian society is passing through a significant transformation producing more intensive social stratification than the one that existed before. So the variable socio-economic status of the individual or the family will consequently be becoming more and more important. It is logical to expect that socio-economic status of an individual or the family is going to have much greater impact on individual’s behavior, family dynamics, family processes and generally, on family as an agent of socialization. At the same time there is no theory or research results explaining the impact of socio-economic status on family processes in Croatian society. The article tries to give a survey of theories and research results with the goal to describe and explain the impact of socio-economic status on family and socialization in international context. The main goal of the article was to hypothesize about the possible new influences socio-economic variables could have on family and individual in Croatian society, and to stimulate new theoretical and research efforts in this socially relevant and important area

The Influences of Family\u27s Socio-Economic Status on Marital, Familial and Socialization Processes

U hrvatskom je društvu u tijeku značajna transformacija s izrazitim društvenim raslojavanjem, te varijabla socio-ekonomski položaj postaje vjerojatno mnogo važnija nego što je bila prije. Logično je tako očekivati da če socio-ekonomski položaj pojedinca ili obitelji imati uskoro daleko veći utjecaj na različite oblike ponašanja i dinamiku odnosa u obitelji i na obitelj kao agens socijalizacije nego što je imao prije. Istodobno, ne postoje ni teorije, a niti istraživanja o djelovanju socio-ekonomskoga položaja obitelji na obiteljske i socijalizacijske varijable u hrvatskome društvu. Članak daje pregled teorija i istraživanja kako bi prikazao, opisao i objasnio djelovanje socio-ekonomskoga položaja na obiteljske i socijalizacijske varijable u međunarodnome iskustvu. Glavni je cilj rada da opisivanjem i objašnjavanjem stranoga iskustva, bez pretenzija generalizacije na naše uvjete, ponudi pretpostavljene odnose tih varijabli u našim uvjetima te potakne domaća istraživanja na ovom vrlo važnom području za hrvatsko društvo.Croatian society is passing through a significant transformation producing more intensive social stratification than the one that existed before. So the variable socio-economic status of the individual or the family will consequently be becoming more and more important. It is logical to expect that socio-economic status of an individual or the family is going to have much greater impact on individual’s behavior, family dynamics, family processes and generally, on family as an agent of socialization. At the same time there is no theory or research results explaining the impact of socio-economic status on family processes in Croatian society. The article tries to give a survey of theories and research results with the goal to describe and explain the impact of socio-economic status on family and socialization in international context. The main goal of the article was to hypothesize about the possible new influences socio-economic variables could have on family and individual in Croatian society, and to stimulate new theoretical and research efforts in this socially relevant and important area