Law And The Modern Mind: Consciousness And Responsibility In American Legal Culture

Mental Capacity and Legal Responsibility in American History Early U.S. jurisprudence with respect to consciousness and responsibility was marked by fundamental contradictions. Both the Revolution and the founding of the Republic were premised on a belief that the people were capable of self-govern...

The Effects of Carbon Nanotubes on Cells in a Synthetic Oxygen Carrier Enriched Alginate Scaffold

Abstract Huge progress has been made in the development of three dimensionally printed tissue structures. With the use of cells, three dimensional printers, and CAD drawing software, donor identical structures can be fabricated. However, cell scaffolds currently lack significant mechanical integrity which can result in reduced cellular survival, attachment, and nutrient delivery. For this reason, multiple strategies have been developed to increase and improve mechanical stability within engineered constructs without having to sacrifice cell viability. The hypothesis of this paper was that incorporating Perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA), a greenhouse gas, with single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), a allotrope of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure, into an alginate scaffold will not only increase mechanical integrity but also cell survival. The following objectives were proposed: 1. Fabricate and characterize cell laden scaffolds of alginate and 2. Assess the addition of perfluorotributylamine and various concentrations of carbon nanotubes inside of cell laden scaffolds of alginate. Three configurations of perfluorotributylamine and carbon nanotubes were explored in an effort to maximize mechanical properties and cytocompatibility. Perfluorotributylamine was combined with gelatin from bovine skin and phosphate buffered solution to form a PFTBA emulsion. This emulsion was added to each alginate scaffold to encompass 5% of the entire alginate scaffold. Single walled carbon nanotubes were added in increasing concentrations to have four scaffolds, one control, 0 µg/ml, .1 µg/ml, and 1 µg/ml. The results of this study indicate that the configuration of 5% PFTBA emulsion + 1 µg/ml SWCNT + alginate, provided the best cell viability results; Picogreen fluorescence of 8532, excellent viability in live/dead stain, and sufficient morphological features while the control scaffold, containing alginate only, provided the best mechanical properties after a 7 day period. The results contradict the hypothesis that mechanical properties will increase with increasing SWCNT concentration, but support the hypothesis of improved cell viability with the incorporation of PFTBA emulsion to increasing SWCNT concentration

Ownership and Possession in the Early Common Law

Much has been written on the possible influence of Roman or canon law on the early English common law of property. Maitland thought that the canonist\u27s actio spolii was the inspiration for the assize of novel disseisin. Sutherland argued that the assize borrowed from the Roman interdict unde vi. Milsom, by contrast, thinks that the early common-law writs must be understood within a feudal framework, and that the early common law took nothing from Roman law than the Latin language. This Article offers a new perspective on ownership and possession in the early common law. It examines the theoretical development of proprietary and possessory concepts in the ius commune as it would have been understood in England in the late twelfth century, taking into account the Liber pauperum and the early ordines as well as reports of ecclesiastical court cases. After surveying the current debate, the Article then turns to the advowson writs, which have not yet been studied as a possible example of Roman law influence. Finding some evidence of the ownership/possession distinction in the advowson writs, the Article comes to the conclusion that the possibility of influence from the ius commune is greater than Milsom thinks

Magna Carta and the Fundamental Right to Due Process

The 800th anniversary of Magna Carta has been marked by much pageantry and celebration. Some scholars have taken this opportunity to point out that the myth of Magna Carta is far greater than what the actual 1215 Charter managed to accomplish. Nevertheless, Magna Carta did make a meaningful and concrete contribution to due process in 1215, as shown by certain provisions that are seemingly overlooked by critics eager to downplay the Charter\u27s importance. This Article highlights two lesser known clauses of Magna Carta that had real contemporary significance in guaranteeing the availability of jury trial for some categories of civil litigation. The ringing promises of Clauses 39 and 40 may have inspired great jurists and founders of nations, but the more humble Clauses 17 and 18 – specifying the proper location and manner of hearing certain civil cases – must also be taken into account in assessing the Charter\u27s importance

Evaluation of Beam Quality Study of Arbitrary Beam Profiles from On-Wafer Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers

Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) have found mainstream use in data centers and short-haul optical fiber communications. Along with the increase in the capacity of such systems comes an increase in the demand for greater power efficiency. System evaluation now includes an assessment of the energy required for each bit of data, a metric referred to as ‘joules per bit’. One source of loss for VCSELs is coupling loss, which is due to a mismatch in the mode profiles of the VCSELs and the optical fiber into which the VSCEL light is coupled. One way to reduce this loss is to develop single-mode VCSEL devices that are modally matched to optical fiber. Efficient development of these devices requires a technique for rapidly evaluating beam quality. This study investigates the use of a vertically mounted commercial beam profiling system and hardware interface software to quickly evaluate the beam quality of arbitrary beam profiles from on-wafer mounted VCSEL devices. This system captures the beam profile emitted from a VCSEL device at fixed locations along the vertical axis. Each image is evaluated within software along a predetermined axis, and the beam quality, or M2, is calculated according to international standards. This system is quantitatively compared against a commercial software package designed for determining beam quality across a fixed axis

Evaluation of Beam Quality Study of Arbitrary Beam Profiles from On-Wafer Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers

Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) have found mainstream use in data centers and short-haul optical fiber communications. Along with the increase in the capacity of such systems comes an increase in the demand for greater power efficiency. System evaluation now includes an assessment of the energy required for each bit of data, a metric referred to as ‘joules per bit’. One source of loss for VCSELs is coupling loss, which is due to a mismatch in the mode profiles of the VCSELs and the optical fiber into which the VSCEL light is coupled. One way to reduce this loss is to develop single-mode VCSEL devices that are modally matched to optical fiber. Efficient development of these devices requires a technique for rapidly evaluating beam quality. This study investigates the use of a vertically mounted commercial beam profiling system and hardware interface software to quickly evaluate the beam quality of arbitrary beam profiles from on-wafer mounted VCSEL devices. This system captures the beam profile emitted from a VCSEL device at fixed locations along the vertical axis. Each image is evaluated within software along a predetermined axis, and the beam quality, or M2, is calculated according to international standards. This system is quantitatively compared against a commercial software package designed for determining beam quality across a fixed axis