83,218 research outputs found
Is Antitrust Too Complicated for Generalist Judges? The Impact of Economic Complexity and Judicial Training on Appeals
Modern antitrust litigation sometimes involves complex expert economic and econometric analysis. While this boom in the demand for economic analysis and expert testimony has clearly improved the welfare of economistsâand schools offering basic economic training to judgesâlittle is known about the empirical effects of economic complexity or judges' economic training on decision-making in antitrust litigation. We use a unique data set on antitrust litigation in district courts during 1996â2006 to examine whether economic complexity impacts decisions in antitrust cases, and thereby provide a novel test of the frequently asserted hypothesis that antitrust analysis has become too complex for generalist judges. We also examine the impact of one institutional response to economic complexity - basic economic training by judges. We find that decisions involving the evaluation of complex economic evidence are significantly more likely to be appealed, and decisions of judges trained in basic economics are significantly less likely to be appealed than are decisions by their untrained counterparts. Our results are robust to a variety of controls, including the type of case, circuit, and the political party of the judge. Our tentative conclusion, based on a revealed preference argument that views a partyâs appeal decision as an indication that the district court got the economics wrong, is that there is support for the hypothesis that some antitrust cases are too complicated for generalist judges.antitrust, Daubert, complexity, economic training, expert witness
Development of a Three-Factor Model of Psychological Ownership of Country: Applications for Outgroup Attitudes and Citizenship Behaviors
Mechanisms linking social identification to negative outgroup attitudes is a prevailing inspiration for research in intergroup relations. Psychological ownershipâthe possessive feeling that some object is âmineâ or âoursââhas been proposed as one possible mechanism. Social identification is a precursor to developing feelings of ownership over ideological spaces, such as countries or territories. Subsequently, ownership may drive negative outgroup attitudes through exhibition of oneâs right to control the use of the ingroupâs space. Psychological ownership may also have positive roles in developing citizenship behaviors, such as through voting or buying ingroup national products. The following program of research tests these ideas. Study 1 provides preliminary evidence of psychological ownershipâs plausible role as a mediator between southern identification and negative outgroup attitudes toward Blacks in the Southern United States. A comprehensive measure of psychological ownership of country is developed in studies 2 and 3 with evidence of validity and reliability presented in studies 2-4. Test-retest reliability is demonstrated in study 5 and predictive validity is demonstrated in studies 4 and 7. Study 6 examines a longitudinal mediation model and study 7 examines how psychological ownership predicts decisions to buy national versus foreign products. Emerging from this program of research is a reliable and valid measure of psychological ownership of territorial spaces, evidence that social identification is a precursor to psychological ownership, evidence for psychological ownership as a predictor of positive citizenship behaviors, and conflicting findings over psychological ownership mediating the positive relationship between social identification and more negative outgroup attitudes. Across studies, social identification was linked to more negative outgroup attitudes. In some cases, psychological ownership was a plausible mediator wherein it was linked to more negative attitudes (Studies 1 & 6), in some cases this was specific to the immersion factor (Study 4) or self-identity and efficacy factors (Study 7); however, efficacy appears associated with more positive attitudes (Study 7). There was no evidence of mediation in the longitudinal model (Study 6). This research initiates the systematic study of psychological ownership in the intergroup domain and refines our understanding of possession of non-physical entities
Sui Generis\u27?: An Antitrust Analysis of Buyer Power in the United States and European Union
The argument of this paper is simple: from an economic policy point of view, there is nothing special about market power on the buyer side of markets. In particular, we reject the contention that retail sector buying power requires different treatment from antitrust authorities compared to other sectors in the economy. Likewise, we find arguments contending that âbuyer powerâ requires that new or different laws be enacted or judicially developed ultimately unpersuasive. This paper is divided into three parts. Part I summarizes the relevant economics of buyer power, and more generally, monopsony. Part II compares the relevant antitrust treatment, in the U.S. and Europe, with respect to buyer power and competition policy. Part III applies our legal and economic insights to supermarket competition
Antitrust (Over-?) Confidence
On October 5, 2007, a group of antitrust scholars convened on Chicago\u27s Near North Side to discuss monopolization law. In the course of their freewheeling but fascinating conversation, a number of broad themes emerged. Those themes can best be understood in contrast to a body of antitrust scholarship that was born six miles to the south, at the University of Chicago. Most notably, the North Side discussants demonstrate a hearty confidence in the antitrust enterprise - a confidence that is not shared by Chicago School scholars, who generally advocate a more modest antitrust. As scholars who are more sympathetic to Chicago School views, we are somewhat skeptical. While we applaud many the of the insights and inquiries raised during the conversation, and certainly this sort of discussion in general, our task in this article is to draft a critical analysis of the October 5 conversation. In particular, we critique the North Side discussants\u27 vision of a big antitrust that would place equal emphasis on Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act and would expand private enforcement of Section 2
Ewing's Sarcoma and Second Malignancies
Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is a rare tumor that is most common in children and young adults. Late effects of ES therapy include second cancers, a tragic outcome for survivors of such a young age. This paper will explore the frequencies and types of malignancies that occur after ES. Additionally, it will review how second malignancies have changed with the shift in treatment from high-dose radiation to chemotherapy regimens including alkylators and epipodophyllotoxins. The risk of additional cancers in ES survivors will also be compared to survivors of other childhood cancers. Finally, the possible genetic contribution to ES and second malignancies will be discussed
The Effect of Any Willing Provider and Freedom of Choice Laws on Prescription Drug Expenditures
Any Willing Provider and Freedom of Choice laws restrict the ability of managed care entities, including pharmacy benefit managers, to selectively contract with providers. The managed care entities argue this limits their ability to generate cost savings, while proponents of the laws suggest that such selective contracts limit competition, leading to an increase in aggregate costs. We examine the effect of state adoption of such laws on total state healthcare spending, finding that any willing provider/freedom of choice laws are associated with cost increases of at least 3 percent. These results suggest that these laws are harmful from a spending perspective
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