High carbohydrate and high fat fed <i>Rai1</i>^+/− mice have altered body fat and fat distribution.

<p>(<b>A</b>). Wild type and <i>Rai1^+/−</i> mice fed normal chow did not have significantly different total body fat. Both high carbohydrate and high fat fed <i>Rai1^+/−</i> mice had significantly more body fat than high carbohydrate and high fat fed wild type mice. (<b>B</b>). <i>Rai1</i>^+/− mice on a high fat diet had significantly more subcutaneous and abdominal fat relative to high fat fed wild type mice. However high carbohydrate fed <i>Rai1</i>^+/− mice only displayed alterations to abdominal fat portions but not subcutaneous. Normal chow diet regimen did not alter the distribution of fat in either genotype. All data are plotted as means +/− SEM; ** <i>P</i><0.01; *** <i>P</i><0.001; † <i>P</i><0.05; †† <i>P</i><0.01. NC: WT n = 3, <i>Rai1^+/−</i> n = 3. HC: WT n = 2, <i>Rai1^+/−</i> n = 4. HF WT n = 3, <i>Rai1^+/−</i> n = 3.</p

<i>Rai1^+/−</i> mice have improved fecundity in a FVB/NJ genetic background.

<p>(<b>A</b>). <i>Rai1^+/−</i> mice in the C57Bl/6J background when mated to C57Bl/6J produced significantly fewer progeny relative to <i>Rai1^+/−</i> mice mated to a FVB/NJ genetic background. In either background, the proportion of male and female progeny was not significantly different. No significant difference was observed for transmission of the <i>Rai1^+/−</i> allele by either parent (data not shown). (<b>B</b>). The number of <i>Rai1^+/−</i> progeny produced in a C57Bl/6J genetic background is significantly less than the number of wild type progeny produced, indicating altered Mendelian ratios; however, the number of <i>Rai1^+/−</i> progeny produced when mating occurs in the FVB/NJ genetic background is not significantly different than the number of wild type progeny, consistent with Mendelian transmission. Number of litters: C57Bl/6J x C57Bl/6J n = 19; C57Bl/6J x FVB/NJ n = 8, with either parent carrying the <i>Rai1^+/−</i> allele. (<b>C</b>). C57Bl/6J:FVB/NJ mixed background mice that are heterozygous at the <i>Rai1</i> locus have significantly reduced <i>Rai1</i> expression. All data are plotted as mean +/− SEM; n.s. = not significant; **<i>P</i><0.01; ***<i>P</i><0.001; ****<i>P</i><0.0001, WT n = 8, <i>Rai1^+/−</i> n = 8.</p

High carbohydrate and high fat diets alter growth rates in <i>Rai1</i>^+/− mixed background mice.

<p>(<b>A</b>). All mice fed a normal chow diet had similar growth rates during adolescence (weeks 5–9) or adulthood (weeks 10–16). No significant difference was observed in the amount of weight gained during each developmental stage. (<b>B</b>). <i>Rai1^+/−</i> mice fed a high carbohydrate diet had significantly faster growth during adolescence and adulthood relative to wild type mice. <i>Rai1^+/−</i> mice gained significantly more weight during adolescence and adulthood relative to wild type. (<b>C</b>). <i>Rai1^+/−</i> mice grew significantly faster and gained more weight when fed a high fat diet during both adolescent and adult stages of development relative to wild type mice. All data are plotted as means +/− SEM; dashed line represents the separation between developmental stages. Left panel; adolescence (weeks 5–9); n.s. = not significant; *<i>P</i><0.05; **<i>P</i><0.01; adulthood (weeks 10–16); n.s. = not significant; † <i>P</i><0.05; †† <i>P</i><0.01. Right panel; * <i>P</i><0.05. NC: WT n = 4, <i>Rai1^+/−</i> n = 8. HC: WT n = 3, <i>Rai1^+/−</i> n = 7. HF: WT n = 4, <i>Rai1^+/−</i> n = 3.</p

Blood glucose levels are not altered due to diet regimens.

<p>Mice fed either normal chow, high carbohydrate, or high fat do not have altered blood glucose levels after 12 hours of fasting. All data are plotted as mean +/− SEM. NC: WT n = 5, <i>Rai1^+/</i>⁻n = 8. HC: WT n = 3, <i>Rai1^+/−</i> n = 7. HF: WT n = 3, <i>Rai1^+/−</i> n = 5.</p

<i>Rai1</i>^+/− breeding in the C57Bl/6J genetic background.

<p><i>Rai1</i>^+/− breeding in the C57Bl/6J genetic background.</p