Quantification of <i>Leptospira</i> in Belen Versus Padrecocha

<p>Bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Analysis of variance, <i>F</i> = 8.406, <i>p</i> = 0.0003. Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test: Padrecocha versus Belen market, <i>p</i> < 0.001; Padrecocha versus Belen living area, <i>p</i> < 0.01; Belen market area versus Belen living area, <i>p</i> > 0.05.</p

Padrecocha Sequential Sampling

<p>A total of 17 wells and six stream sampling points were tested over time. Filled boxes indicate PCR-positivity on that day (A). Bars indicate percentage of positivity of wells and stream sampled points for each tested day (B). The streams had a statistically significant higher frequency of positivity over time than the wells (χ² = 133.74, <i>p</i> < 0.001). NS, not sampled.</p

The Rural Village of Padrecocha, Outside of Iquitos

<div><p>(A) A quebrada (stream), strongly associated with leptospirosis transmission.</p> <p>(B) A typical well in close association with activities of daily living.</p> <p>(C) The pond of Padrecocha (the cocha) adjacent to the river.</p> <p>(D) Flooding in the village during the high river season after heavy rains.</p> <p>(With kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media)</p></div

Comparison of Leptospiral Counts in the Belen Living Area, According to Water Source

<p>Means and 95% CIs are shown. Open gutters and river samples showed significantly higher bacterial counts than the samples from puddles and underground sources (unpaired t-test with Welch's correction: <i>t</i> = 2.284, <i>p</i> < 0.05).</p

The Urban Slum Environment of the Belen District of Iquitos

<div><p>(A and B) Typical houses in the Belen district, built on stilts to avoid flood waters when the river rises.</p> <p>(C) Typical “sanitation” in the Belen Market area that attracts scavenger animals such as dogs and rats.</p> <p>(D) A typical view of the Belen Market area where commerce is conducted. Rats are often seen beneath tables and in gutters. Rats are so abundant in the market areas that they are commonly seen during the day although they are primarily nocturnal.</p> <p>(With kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media)</p></div