Gene expression of ALDH3A in laser capture microdissected airways (bronchioles) (16A) and parenchyma (16B).

<p>ALDH3A is a detoxifying enzyme and is upregulated by smoke in the airways in both young and old animals, but to a lesser extent in old animals, and not upregulated in the parenchyma in old animals. Data are mean ± SD. P values as shown.</p

Tissue (parenchymal) inflammatory cells.

<p>Tissue neutrophils (3A) are increased by smoke in both young and old animals, but to a slightly lesser extent in old animals. Tissue macrophages (3B) are increased to the same extend by smoke in young and old animals. Data are mean ± SD. N = 5 animals/group. P values as shown.</p

Measures of emphysema.

<p>1A: Mean airspace size is increased by a similar amount in young and old animals. 1B. Surface to volume ratio is decreased by a similar amount in young and old animals. Data are mean ± SD. N = 5 to 7 animals/group. P values as shown.</p

Comparison of telomere length between smoked and control mice segregated by age.

<p>Telomere length is greatest in young control animals and is decreased by smoke. Telomere length is also decreased by age but not affected by smoke in old animals. Data are shown as median and interquartile range (box). N = 5 animals/group. * P = 0.0055; † P = 0.0452.</p

Gene expression of GM-CSF in laser capture microdissected airways (bronchioles) (11A) and parenchyma (11B).

<p>GM-CSF acts as an inflammatory cell chemoattractant in the lung and is upregulated by smoke in young animals, but not affected by smoke in old animals. Data are mean ± SD. N = 5 animals/group. P values as shown.</p

Gene expression of CTGF in laser capture microdissected airways (bronchioles) (7A) and parenchyma (7B).

<p>CTGF functions as a proximate mediator of TGFβ-induced matrix production, and is increased by smoke in both young and old animals, albeit to a lesser level in old animals. Data are mean ± SD. N = 5 animals/group. P values as shown.</p

Gene expression of MIP-2 in laser capture microdissected airways (bronchioles) (13A) and parenchyma (13B).

<p>MIP-2 is a neutrophil chemoattractant and is upregulated by smoke in both young and old animals. Data are mean ± SD. N = 5 animals/group. P values as shown.</p

Gene expression of VEGF in laser capture microdissected airways (bronchioles) (8A) and parenchyma (8B).

<p>VEGF is believed to be a trophic factor for normal lung parenchymal maintenance and is decreased old compared to young animals. Data are mean ± SD. N = 5 animals/group. P values as shown.</p

Gene expression of KC in laser capture microdissected airways (bronchioles) (12A) and parenchyma (12B).

<p>KC is a neutrophil chemoattractant and is upregulated by smoke in both young and old animals, but to a lesser extent in old animals. Data are mean ± SD. N = 5 animals/group. P values as shown.</p

Gene expression of Nrf2 in laser capture microdissected airways (bronchioles) (14A) and parenchyma (14B).

<p>Nrf2 regulates the anti-oxidant response and is upregulated by smoke in both young and old animals, but to a lesser extent in old animals. Data are mean ± SD. N = 5 animals/group. P values as shown.</p