Functional categories affected by <i>Trichuris suis</i> infection in the porcine proximal colon microbiota annotated using the eggNOG database.

<p>The class labeled “unknown”, which accounted for 61.34% of hits, were not included. * denotes significantly impacted by infection, regardless of the worm burden.</p

Phylum-level relative composition of the microbiome in the porcine proximal colon.

<p>Boxes denote the inter-quartile range between the 1^st and 3^rd quartiles (25 and 75%, respectively, <i>N</i> = 11). Blue: detected using MetaPhyler; Red: detected using MG-RAST. Y-axis: log scale.</p

Genera significantly impacted by helminth infection in the porcine colon microbiota.

<p>Numbers denote mean ±SD of percentage composition (<i>N</i> = 4). Only genera significantly impacted detected by both MetaPhyler and MG RAST are listed. Different superscripted letters indicated significantly different at <i>P</i><0.05 based on a modified t-test.</p

Localized changes in gene expression in the proximal colon epithelium.

<p>The relative changes in gene expression were determined by real-time RT-PCR (TaqMan) and compared between <i>T. suis</i>-infected pigs with a high worm burden (High) and low worm burden (worm-free or Low), and uninfected naïve control pigs (CTRL).</p

Cry5B effects a near complete cure of <i>Ascaris suum</i> infection in pigs.

<p>Shown are the fourth-stage larval burdens of individual pigs treated with HD1 spore lysate (placebo; parent strain without Cry5B-expressing plasmid) and HD1+Cry5B spore-crystal lysate (Cry5B-treated; parent strain with Cry5B-expressing plasmid). The actual worm burden means with standard error of the means are, respectively, 868.6±120 and 27.6±6.4.</p

<i>A. suum</i> expresses Cry5B glycolipid receptors.

<p><b>A.</b> Orcinol staining of upper phase glycolipids from mixed-staged <i>C. elegans</i> (N2) and <i>A. suum</i> fourth-stage larvae (A.s.). The glycolipid profiles of the two are different. <b>B.</b> Cry5B binding to glycolipids from <i>C. elegans</i> (N2) and <i>A. suum</i> (A.s.) in the absence of sugar (left panel), presence of 100 mM glucose (middle panel), and presence of 100 mM galactose (right panel). The profile of Cry5B-binding glycolipids (left panel) is different from both nematodes (bands B, C, E, and F refer to Cry5B-binding glycolipids as noted in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002263#pntd.0002263-Griffitts2" target="_blank">[27]</a>). The intensity of all bands is reduced in the presence of galactose.</p

Select pathways were significantly affected infection with <i>Trichuris suis</i> in the porcine proximal colon microbiota.

<p>Numbers denote the percentage of hits positively assigned to each pathway. Different colors (Red or Yellow) indicate a significant difference between the cohorts infected with <i>Trichuris suis</i> that had adults worms (Worm) and the infected cohort where adult worms had been expelled (Worm-free). The numbers with a Blue font denote significant difference in relative abundance between uninfected control and infected (Worm + Worm-free) groups.</p

Differences in functional profiles and metabolic potentials of the porcine proximal colon microbiota between uninfected (CT) and infected groups (Worm and Worm-free).

<p>Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using the ade4 package in R based on relative abundance of 50 selected function classes assigned using the eggNOG database.</p

Relative abundance of 15 genera in the porcine proximal colon microbiota detected using MetaPhyler.

<p>Boxes denote the inter-quartile range between the 1^st and 3^rd quartiles (25 and 75%, respectively). Blue: Parasite naïve pigs (<i>N</i> = 3); Red: Infected pigs (<i>N</i> = 8). Symbol {} denotes a possible novel genus within the taxon indicated. For example, Ruminococcaceae{family} indicates a possible novel genus within the family Ruminococcaceae. A significant repression of relative abundance of the genus <i>Fibrobacter</i> and a possible novel genus in the phylum Fibrobacteres was detected in the proximal colon microbiota of <i>Trichuris suis</i> infected pigs. Y-axis: log scale.</p

Taxonomic profiles of the porcine colon microbiota.

<p>Numbers of taxa identified by MetaPhyler (MG-RAST) are listed (<i>N</i> = 11).</p