Zooplankton Culture for Mariculture

Plankton is vast and diverse group of organism incapable of free swimming. They drift in the mercy of water current. Plankton is described as the smallest group of plants and animals in the aquatic ecosystem. The term „plankton‟ was coined by the Germen founder of Quantitative Plankton and Fishery Research, Victor Henson in 1887. It is derived from a Greek word „Plano‟ meaning „to wander‟ and it has the same etymological root as „planet‟. They are seen in both marine and freshwater ecosystems. Planktons are broadly classified into two major groups „Phytoplankton and Zooplankton‟. Phytoplanktons are microscopic plant community in the aquatic environment. They synthesize organic carbon from inorganic material by the process of photosynthesis. They are considered as the primary producers in the aquatic ecosystem

Impacts of flashfloods on the cage farms in Kerala

Cage fish farmers across the coastal districts of Kerala suffered massive losses in the floods of August, 2018. The flooding and crop loss was also a setback to efforts of ICAR-CMFRI to popularize cage fish farming. The flood waters which completely washed many cages along with the cultured fishes meant loss was in terms of cage structure and nets, harvest ready fishes and juvenile fishes stocked for new cropping in cages. Around eight species of fish were being farmed in cages including the Asian seabass, pearl spot, red snapper, Caranx sp. and tilapia

Block Floating Point Implementations for DSP Computations in Reconfigurable Computing

This allows the use of just the right number of bits and the right number of operations on these bit

खारा पनि मछली पालन में नये पहल

New initiatives in brackish water fish farmin

A study on the relationship between Employee engagement and organizational citizenship with reference to employees working in travel organizations

All sectors across the globe have started looking at employee engagement as an opportunity because engaged employees always tend to perform better than not engaged or disengaged employees. Organization with engaged employees are always a strength to the organization as it has lot of positive outcomes. This article elucidates the relationship that exists between employee engagement and organizational citizenship behavior with reference to employees working in travel organizations.The study focuses on employees working in national and international travel organizations which arelocated in Bangalore. Data was collected with the help of an adapted questionnaire. The findings of the study will help the employers to understand the importance of these two factors and their present engagement and OCB level of the employees working in these organizations and take measures accordingly

Repeated Closed Head Injury in Mice Results in Sustained Motor and Memory Deficits and Chronic Cellular Changes

Millions of mild traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) occur every year in the United States, with many people subject to multiple head injuries that can lead to chronic behavioral dysfunction. We previously reported that mild TBI induced using closed head injuries (CHI) repeated at 24h intervals produced more acute neuron death and glial reactivity than a single CHI, and increasing the length of time between injuries to 48h reduced the cumulative acute effects of repeated CHI. To determine whether repeated CHI is associated with behavioral dysfunction or persistent cellular damage, mice receiving either five CHI at 24h intervals, five CHI at 48h intervals, or five sham injuries at 24h intervals were evaluated across a 10 week period after injury. Animals with repeated CHI exhibited motor coordination and memory deficits, but not gait abnormalities when compared to sham animals. At 10wks post-injury, no notable neuron loss or glial reactivity was observed in the cortex, hippocampus, or corpus callosum. Argyrophilic axons were found in the pyramidal tract of some injured animals, but neither silver stain accumulation nor inflammatory responses in the injury groups were statistically different from the sham group in this region. However, argyrophilic axons, microgliosis and astrogliosis were significantly increased within the optic tract of injured animals. Repeated mild CHI also resulted in microgliosis and a loss of neurofilament protein 200 in the optic nerve. Lengthening the inter-injury interval from 24h to 48h did not effectively reduce these behavioral or cellular responses. These results suggest that repeated mild CHI results in persistent behavioral dysfunction and chronic pathological changes within the visual system, neither of which was significantly attenuated by lengthening the inter-injury interval from 24h to 48h

Copepod Culture

Copepods represent about 80% of zooplankton in the ocean and are the natural food source for many marine fish larvae. Copepods can adapt to fluctuating environmental conditions and the resting eggs some copepods produced can survive for years. This makes it a suitable group as live feed in aquaculture. Live prey is necessary for fish larvae for many reasons. The larvae of many marine fish require prey about 50–100 μm wide at first feeding (Detwyler and Houde, 1970; Yufera and Pascual, 1984). Fish larvae with very small eggs and little vittelin cannot survive on the yolk available for many days and such larvae are called the altresial larvae. Such larvae need small feed depending on the smaller mouth size. Also for this type of larvae the stomach is not fully developed and they obtain digestive enzymes from the live feed they prey upon. Another advantage of live feed is that fish larvae prefer moving feed rather than inert feed during early stages of development

IGF1-Stimulated Posttraumatic Hippocampal Remodeling Is Not Dependent on mTOR

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is stimulated acutely following traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, many hippocampal neurons born after injury develop abnormally and the number that survive long-term is debated. In experimental TBI, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) promotes hippocampal neuronal differentiation, improves immature neuron dendritic arbor morphology, increases long-term survival of neurons born after TBI, and improves cognitive function. One potential downstream mediator of the neurogenic effects of IGF1 is mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which regulates proliferation as well as axonal and dendritic growth in the CNS. Excessive mTOR activation is posited to contribute to aberrant plasticity related to posttraumatic epilepsy, spurring preclinical studies of mTOR inhibitors as therapeutics for TBI. The degree to which pro-neurogenic effects of IGF1 depend upon upregulation of mTOR activity is currently unknown. Using immunostaining for phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6, a commonly used surrogate for mTOR activation, we show that controlled cortical impact TBI triggers mTOR activation in the dentate gyrus in a time-, region-, and injury severity-dependent manner. Posttraumatic mTOR activation in the granule cell layer (GCL) and dentate hilus was amplified in mice with conditional overexpression of IGF1. In contrast, delayed astrocytic activation of mTOR signaling within the dentate gyrus molecular layer, closely associated with proliferation, was not affected by IGF1 overexpression. To determine whether mTOR activation is necessary for IGF1-mediated stimulation of posttraumatic hippocampal neurogenesis, wildtype and IGF1 transgenic mice received the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin daily beginning at 3 days after TBI, following pulse labeling with bromodeoxyuridine. Compared to wildtype mice, IGF1 overexpressing mice exhibited increased posttraumatic neurogenesis, with a higher density of posttrauma-born GCL neurons at 10 days after injury. Inhibition of mTOR did not abrogate IGF1-stimulated enhancement of posttraumatic neurogenesis. Rather, rapamycin treatment in IGF1 transgenic mice, but not in WT mice, increased numbers of cells labeled with BrdU at 3 days after injury that survived to 10 days, and enhanced the proportion of posttrauma-born cells that differentiated into neurons. Because beneficial effects of IGF1 on hippocampal neurogenesis were maintained or even enhanced with delayed inhibition of mTOR, combination therapy approaches may hold promise for TBI

Effectiveness of 2-Phenoxyethanol for Anesthetizing Striped Mullet (Mugil cephalus) (Linnaeus, 1758) for Transportation

Anesthetized fish transport is creating new opportunities for aquaculture, as it offers ease of handling and reduction of stress and helps to reduce mortality rates. In this study, 2-phenoxyethanol was administered to Striped Mullet (Mugil cephalus) (Linnaeus, 1758) to determine its effects on the ease of handling and transportation. Four dosage levels were tested—100, 200, 300 and 400 mg l-1. Three levels of induction and three of recovery were recorded. The lowest effective concentration was 300 mg l-1. At this dosage, the time required to achieve the final stage of induction was 159±13 s (mean ± SD) and that to achieve the final stage of recovery was 193±16s. These times are significantly different from those for the other dosages