Mean amplitude distribution of the ERN and Pe for each participant, divided into the three groups of study (Controls, SI-BPD, NI-BPD).

<p>A clear overlapping of distributions can be seen.</p

Grand average of response-locked ERPs at Fz, Cz, Pz and EOG electrodes for controls, SI-BPD and NI-BPD individuals.

<p>Correct trials are depicted in blue solid lines, and choice/stop-error trials in red lines. Data were low-pass filtered at 12 Hz for illustration purposes.</p

Preserved Error-Monitoring in Borderline Personality Disorder Patients with and without Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Behaviors

<div><p>Background</p><p>The presence of non-suicidal self-injury acts in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is very prevalent. These behaviors are a public health concern and have become a poorly understood phenomenon in the community. It has been proposed that the commission of non-suicidal self-injury might be related to a failure in the brain network regulating executive functions. Previous studies have shown that BPD patients present an impairment in their capacity to monitor actions and conflicts associated with the performance of certain actions, which suppose an important aspect of cognitive control.</p><p>Method</p><p>We used Event Related Potentials to examine the behavioral and electrophysiological indexes associated with the error monitoring in two BPD outpatients groups (17 patients each) differentiated according to the presence or absence of non-suicidal self-injury behaviors. We also examined 17 age- and intelligence- matched healthy control participants.</p><p>Results</p><p>The three groups did not show significant differences in event-related potentials associated with errors (Error-Related Negativity and Pe) nor in theta power increase following errors.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>This is the first study investigating the behavioral and electrophysiological error monitoring indexes in BPD patients characterized by their history of non-suicidal self-injury behaviors. Our results show that error monitoring is preserved in BPD patients and suggest that non-suicidal self-injury acts are not related to a dysfunction in the cognitive control mechanisms.</p></div

Scatter plots of correlations between: a) mean volume in the combined lateral frontal region and BSL-23 scores, b) mean volume in the medial ROI and BSL-23 scores.

<p>Scatter plots of correlations between: a) mean volume in the combined lateral frontal region and BSL-23 scores, b) mean volume in the medial ROI and BSL-23 scores.</p

Absolute volumes of hippocampus and amygdala (mm³) in the patients and controls.

<p>All p-values are two-tailed. All d.f. = 150.</p

Demographic data of each individual of the group of patients.

<p>For each participant, the following data was obtained at the time the patient began the study: The age (years), months since the stroke, the Medical Research Council (MRC) score, the location of the lesion and the Barthel Index.</p

Demographic and clinic characteristics of patients and controls.

<p>All comparisons are two-tailed. Data for IQ were missing from 6 patients and 6 healthy controls (replaced by the group mean). BSL-23 scores were only available for 54 patients.</p

Correlation between changes on the position of the CoG in the mediolateral edge and changes on the number of inversion of velocity (NIV) for hand tapping (HT) from subjects in PG.

<p>Rounded points were considered outlier values after corresponding test and were excluded from the sample.</p

Summary of the plastic changes observed with the cortical maps.

<p>(A) Displacement of the center of gravity (CoG) across time for the affected and unaffected hemisphere in PG. The origin of each arrow represents the baseline coordinates of the CoG. Arrowheads represent the position of the CoG at evaluation 2. Each arrow is colored differently, corresponding to each subject from PG. (B) Displacement of the medial coordinate of the center of gravity (CoGx) of motor mapping representation through time. In the affected hemisphere (left), almost all patients showed a displacement on the mediolateral edge of the CoG to more temporal regions.</p

Example of performance of fast diadochokinetic finger.

<p>Detail of the signal recorded from one marker with the 3D movement-analyzer during finger and hand tapping movements of the affected hand of one representative patient (A) and one control subject (B). The marker was attached on the index finger (finger tapping) and from methacarpophalangeal joint (hand tapping). Time courses of the displacement in cm measured in both evaluations are displayed.</p