Hemi-body UPDRS-III subscores in the sON condition after overnight withdrawal of dopaminergic therapy in relation to the mediolateral position of the contralateral active contact.

<p>After initiation of STN-DBS, the hemi-body side with the lowest motor score (best motor condition) had the contralateral contacts located more laterally from the wall of the third ventricle (r = −0.42, p<0.01). Dotted lines denote the 95% confidence interval of the regression line.</p

Weight gain in 20 patients with Parkinson's disease in relation to the mediolateral position of the active contact with bilateral STN-DBS (r = −0.55, p<0.01).

<p>Only one active contact (more medial contact from both hemispheres) was used in each patient. The x-coordinate represents the distance of the active contact from the wall of the third ventricle. Each millimeter in the medial direction was associated on average with a 1.6-kg increase in body weight. Dotted lines denote the 95% confidence interval of the regression line.</p

Bilateral STN-DBS active contact positions of 20 patients with Parkinson's disease plotted in the coronal plane with respect to weight gain.

<p>Patients (N = 11) with at least one active contact (a) placed within 9.3-mm of the wall of the third ventricle gained significantly more weight than patients (N = 9) with both contacts (b) located more laterally (p<0.001).</p

Mean changes in weight after implantation in 20 patients with Parkinson's disease.

<p>Body weight gradually increased during the study period. Weight gain represents the difference in weight (±SD) compared to the preoperative state.</p

Time-course plots of the activity in the precuneus (coordinates 4 −62 26) according to the phase and interval duration.

<p>Activity is plotted during encoding short (upper left), encoding long (lower left), reproduction short (upper right) and reproduction long (lower right) conditions. Group means ± standard error of mean (SEM) for OFF (blue) and ON (green) conditions are depicted. Time points, where at least 3 observations per subject and 6 subjects per time point were not available, were excluded. Therefore encoding of short intervals was followed up to 10 seconds, encoding of long intervals up to 14 seconds, reproduction of short intervals up to 8 seconds and reproduction of long intervals up to 12 seconds. Bars in the upper right corner of each graph represent overall contrast estimate mean ± SD for each condition. The comparison between OFF and ON conditions yielded significant differences only for the reproduction of long intervals (marked with ***, paired t-test p<0.001).</p

Time-course plot of the activity in precuneus (coordinates 4 −62 26) during the reproduction phase.

<p>Each dot represents mean activity in a time point for all trials of one subject in OFF (blue) and ON (green) conditions. Lines connect group means for all subjects. For better clarity, dots are jittered.</p

Area activated in the reproduction phase, ON>OFF.

<p>On the left, results of the second-level group analysis (p<0.05 corrected) are rendered to a structural MRI image using vlrender function from Lipsia package. On the right, the mean contrast estimate plots ± SD in the right precuneus (coordinates 4 −62 26) during encoding (left) and reproduction (right) phases. There was deactivation of the precuneus found in all four conditions (encoding ON, encoding OFF, reproduction ON, reproduction OFF). Comparison between OFF (blue) and ON (green) conditions was significant only during the reproduction phase (paired t-test, p<0.001), when deactivation was more marked in the OFF condition.</p

New Non-Linear Color Look-Up Table for Visualization of Brain Fractional Anisotropy Based on Normative Measurements – Principals and First Clinical Use

<div><p>Fractional anisotropy (FA) is the most commonly used quantitative measure of diffusion in the brain. Changes in FA have been reported in many neurological disorders, but the implementation of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in daily clinical practice remains challenging. We propose a novel color look-up table (LUT) based on normative data as a tool for screening FA changes. FA was calculated for 76 healthy volunteers using 12 motion-probing gradient directions (MPG), a subset of 59 subjects was additionally scanned using 30 MPG. Population means and 95% prediction intervals for FA in the corpus callosum, frontal gray matter, thalamus and basal ganglia were used to create the LUT. Unique colors were assigned to inflection points with continuous ramps between them. Clinical use was demonstrated on 17 multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients compared to 13 patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and 17 healthy subjects. Four blinded radiologists classified subjects as MSA/non-MSA. Using only the LUT, high sensitivity (80%) and specificity (84%) were achieved in differentiating MSA subjects from PD subjects and controls. The LUTs generated from 12 and 30 MPG were comparable and accentuate FA abnormalities.</p></div

Inflection points for the Look-Up Table.

<p>FA, fractional anisotropy; RGB, red-green-blue components of color (note: this image is in CMYK colorspace, therefore colors do not exactly match RGB colorspace); BG, lower border of prediction interval for basal ganglia (BG) divided by two; BG, lower border of prediction interval for BG; BG, mean value for BG; GM, mean value for gray matter (GM); GM, upper border of prediction interval for GM; CCfreehand, lower border of prediction interval for freehand selection of corpus callosum (CC); CCfreehand, upper border of prediction interval for freehand selection of CC; CCroi, mean value for circular selection of CC.</p

fMRI group results of the reproduction phase (computed in Lipsia).

<p>*significant at p<0.05 corrected.</p