Multivariable results for cross-sectional BMI (N = 1726).

<p><i>*Models adjusted for age</i>, <i>gender</i>, <i>income</i>, <i>education</i>, <i>healthy eating score</i>, <i>physical activity</i>, <i>caloric intake</i>, <i>occupation</i>, <i>and ancestry</i>.</p><p>Multivariable results for cross-sectional BMI (N = 1726).</p

Associations between West-African and Native-American genetic ancestry and adiposity, stratified by gender and Healthy Eating Score.

<p>^<i>a</i><i>Models additionally adjusted for age</i>, <i>income</i>, <i>education</i>, <i>healthy eating score (HE Score)</i>, <i>physical activity</i>, <i>caloric intake</i>, <i>and occupation;</i></p><p>^<i>b</i><i>models additionally adjusted for age</i>, <i>gender</i>, <i>income</i>, <i>education</i>, <i>physical activity</i>, <i>caloric intake</i>, <i>and occupation; CI = confidence interval; HE Score = Healthy Eating Score; int</i>. <i>= interaction; referent = European Ancestral Markers</i>: <i>percent change in BMI = 0</i>.<i>0000; WHR = 0</i>.<i>0000</i>, <i>PBF = 0</i>.<i>0000;</i></p><p>^<i>*</i><i>significant at p<0</i>.<i>005;</i></p><p>^<i>**</i><i>significant at p<0</i>.<i>0005</i>.</p><p>Associations between West-African and Native-American genetic ancestry and adiposity, stratified by gender and Healthy Eating Score.</p

Associations between genetic ancestry (per 10% greater proportion of BGA) and BMI, WHR and PBF (N = 1726).

<p>^<i>a</i><i>Univariate analysis;</i></p><p>^<i>b</i><i>Adjusted for age and gender only;</i></p><p>^<i>c</i><i>Adjusted for age</i>, <i>gender</i>, <i>income</i>, <i>education</i>, <i>healthy eating score</i>, <i>physical activity</i>, <i>caloric intake</i>, <i>and occupation; CI = confidence interval; β = effect estimate for log BMI</i>, <i>or WHR or PBF;</i></p><p>^<i>d</i><i>44% decrease in effect estimate was mostly due to adjustment for educational level and income;</i></p><p>^<i>e</i><i>30% decrease in effect estimate was mostly due to adjustment for educational level;</i></p><p><i>*significant at p<0</i>.<i>005;</i></p><p><i>**significant at p<0</i>.<i>0005</i>.</p><p>Associations between genetic ancestry (per 10% greater proportion of BGA) and BMI, WHR and PBF (N = 1726).</p

Characteristics of the overall population and by self-identified race/ethnicity.

<p>^<i>a</i><i>Mean sample size for 15 datasets; total counts may not always add up as numbers were not the same for all 15 data sets (the number deleted was based on imputed values for each data set); the percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding;</i></p><p>^<i>b</i><i>means and percentages are weighted;</i></p><p>^<i>c</i><i>data not available for 533 participants;</i></p><p>^<i>d</i><i>between BACH I and III</i>,</p><p>^<i>e</i><i>between BACH II and III; CI = confidence interval; p25 = lower quartile; p75 = upper quartile</i>.</p><p>Characteristics of the overall population and by self-identified race/ethnicity.</p

Associations with quantitative traits at one year.

<p>FG, fasting glucose; Fins, fasting insulin; Ins Index, insulinogenic index; ISI, insulin sensitivity index; DIo, oral disposition index; Proins, fasting proinsulin adjusted for fasting insulin. <i>P</i> int denotes the <i>P</i> value for the genotype × intervention interaction test; <i>P</i> assoc denotes the <i>P</i> value for the main effect association in the full cohort when <i>P</i> int >0.05.</p

Diabetes incidence by genotype at each locus, in the overall cohort and stratified by treatment arm.

*<p>Loci previously associated with type 2 diabetes. Effect allele denotes the allele associated with higher glucose or insulin levels in MAGIC. There are no significant SNP × treatment interactions. One nominally significant <i>P</i> value for association with diabetes incidence is not consistent with the expected direction of effect.</p

SNPs genotyped and their allele frequencies by ethnic group.

*<p>Loci previously associated with type 2 diabetes at genome-wide levels of statistical significance. The allele previously associated with higher levels of the trait (effect allele) is shown first; allele frequencies correspond to the effect allele. Gene names: <i>PROX1</i>, prospero homeobox 1; <i>G6PC2</i>, glucose-6-phosphatase, catalytic, 2; <i>ADCY5</i>, adenylate cyclase 5; <i>SLC2A2</i>, solute carrier family 2, member 2; <i>DGKB</i>, diacylglycerol kinase, beta 90 kDa; <i>GCK</i>, glucokinase; <i>GLIS3</i>, GLIS family zinc finger 3; <i>ADRA2A</i>, adrenergic, alpha-2A-, receptor; <i>CRY2</i>, cryptochrome 2; <i>MADD</i>, MAP-kinase activating death domain; <i>FADS1</i>, fatty acid desaturase 1; <i>MTNR1B</i>, melatonin receptor 1B; <i>C2CD4B</i>, C2 calcium-dependent domain containing 4B; <i>IRS1</i>, insulin receptor substrate 1; <i>IGF1</i>, insulin-like growth factor 1; <i>GCKR</i>, glucokinase regulator.</p

Levels of quantitative glycemic traits at one year by genotype and treatment arm at loci with a nominally significant interaction.

<p><i>P</i> values for pairwise comparisons between genotypic groups are shown, with groups separated by a “/”. Fins, fasting insulin (µU/mL); ISI, insulin sensitivity index; FG, fasting glucose (mg/dL). To convert glucose mg/dL to mmol/L, divide by 18.01. To convert insulin µU/ml to pmol/L to, multiply by 6.0.</p

Nominal genotypic associations with quantitative traits at baseline.

<p>FG, fasting glucose; Fins, fasting insulin; Ins Index, insulinogenic index; ISI, insulin sensitivity index; DIo, oral disposition index; Proins, fasting proinsulin adjusted for fasting insulin. To convert glucose mg/dL to mmol/L, divide by 18.01. To convert insulin µU/ml to pmol/L to, multiply by 6.0.</p

Effect of genotype at <i>MTNR1B</i> rs10830963 on glycemic traits at baseline and one year.

<p>Fasting glucose is shown in panel (a) and the insulinogenic index is shown in panel (b). Because no significant SNP × intervention interaction was found, the full cohort was analyzed in aggregate. Fasting glucose is higher (<i>P</i> = 0.003) and the insulinogenic index is lower (<i>P</i> = 0.002) in carriers of the G risk allele after one year, even after adjustment for the corresponding baseline levels. Least-square means (±95% CI) are shown. To convert glucose mg/dL to mmol/L, divide by 18.01.</p