Autophagic marker in plantaris muscle.

<p>Plantaris LC3-I (<b>A</b>) and LC3-II (<b>B</b>) protein levels, LC3-II/LC3-I ratio (<b>C</b>) and representative imunnoblots (<b>D</b>) in Sham and MI groups. Correlation between plantaris LC3-II protein expression and distance run in a graded treadmill exercise test (<b>E</b>, Sham n = 9, MI n = 10). Data presented as mean ± SEM. AU, arbitrary unit. The number of animals in each analysis is shown within the bars.</p

Mitophagy and mitochondrial fission in soleus muscle.

<p>Soleus Bnip3 (<b>A</b>), DRP1 (<b>B</b>) and Fis1 (<b>C</b>) protein levels, and representative immunoblots (<b>D</b>) in Sham and MI groups. Correlation between soleus <i>BNIP3</i> mRNA levels and distance run in a graded treadmill exercise test (<b>E</b>, Sham n = 8, MI n = 10). Data presented as mean ± SEM. The number of animals in each analysis is shown within the bars.</p

Skeletal muscle structure and global function

<p>. Plantaris cross-sectional area (CSA) (A), running performance (B) and time on rotarod (C) in 7 month-old wild type (WT), untrained α_2A/α_2CARKO (ARKO) and trained α_2A/α_2CARKO mice (ARKOT). Data are presented as mean ± standard error from mean. *p<0.05 vs. age-matched WT; #p<0.05 vs. age-matched ARKO.</p

qRT-PCR Primer Sequences.

<p>qRT-PCR Primer Sequences.</p

α_2A/α_2CARKO mice physiological parameters.

<p>Body mass, left ventricular fractional shortening (FS), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and running performance in 3, 5 and 7 month-old wild type (WT) and α_2A/α_2CARKO mice. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan post hoc test and are presented as mean ± standard error from mean. *p<0.05 vs. age-matched WT.</p

Skeletal muscle oxidative stress.

<p>Soleus (<b>A</b>) and plantaris (<b>B</b>) lipid hydroperoxide levels in Sham and MI groups. Correlation between lipid hydroperoxide levels and Bnip3 protein expression in soleus (<b>C</b>, Sham n = 8, MI n = 8) and plantaris (<b>D</b>, Sham n = 10, MI n = 11) muscles in Sham and MI groups. Data presented as mean ± SEM. *indicates p≤0.05 vs. Sham. AU, arbitrary unit. The number of animals in each analysis is shown within the bars.</p

Patient physiological parameters.

<p>Age, body-mass index (BMI), peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) at VO₂peak and used medication in healthy individuals (Control), sedentary heart failure patients (HF-S) and trained heart failure patients (HF-T). Data are presented as mean ± standard error from mean.</p>*<p>p<0.05 vs. Control.</p>#<p>p<0.05 vs. HF-S.</p

Skeletal muscle Cathepsin L.

<p>Soleus (<b>A</b>) and plantaris (<b>B</b>) Cathepsin L activity in Sham and MI groups. Correlations between <i>CTSL1</i> mRNA levels and skeletal muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) in soleus (<b>C</b>, Sham n = 7, MI n = 5) and plantaris (<b>D</b>, Sham n = 6, MI n = 6) muscles. Data presented as mean ± SEM. *indicates p≤0.05 vs. Sham. The number of animals in each analysis is shown within the bars.</p

Mitophagy and mitochondrial fission in plantaris muscle.

<p>Plantaris Bnip3 (<b>A</b>), DRP1 (<b>B</b>) and Fis1 (<b>C</b>) protein levels, and representative immunoblots (<b>D</b>) in Sham and MI groups. Correlation between plantaris <i>BNIP3</i> mRNA levels and distance run in a graded treadmill exercise test (<b>E</b>, Sham n = 8, MI n = 10). Data presented as mean ± SEM. *indicates p≤0.05 vs. Sham. The number of animals in each analysis is shown within the bars.</p

mRNA levels of UPS components.

<p>mRNA levels of E3 ligases E3-α, MuRF-1 and Atrogin-1 (A), and deubiquitinating enzymes USP28, USP19 and USP14 (B). WT values were arbitrarily set to 1.0 and are represented by the dashed line. Data are shown as fold change over wild type control group and presented as mean ± standard error from mean. *p<0.05 vs. WT; #p<0.05 vs. age-matched ARKO.</p