Force thresholds for stepping, step initiation time, initial step length and stepping strategy for the total sample, fallers and non-fallers, as well as at-home fallers and non at-home faller subgroups.

<p>Data presented as Mean (SD), except multiple steps and stepping strategy which are presented as number (%).</p>*<p>Significantly different to fallers (p<0.05) after controlling for height and weight.</p><p>?Significantly different to non at-home fallers (p<0.05) after controlling for height and weight.</p

Differences in kinematics and kinetics between the different quintiles based on peak hip flexion angle.

<p>Differences in kinematics and kinetics between the different quintiles based on peak hip flexion angle.</p

Time periods during DVJ.

<p>Data of 1 representative participant to illustrate the different time periods during DVJ from 100ms before initial contact until take off. The graph of the flexion angle represents both the knee and hip flexion angle. The dotted line represents the hip flexion angle.</p

Visualisation of the average muscle activity of the VL, VM, HL and HM in the different conditions.

<p>The light colored bars represent the perturbation phase while the dark colored bars represent the response phase. Post-hoc Bonferroni tests revealed significant differences between conditions and are highlighted with an asterisk (p < 0.05).</p

Neuromuscular activation patterns of individual muscles and their relationship with peak knee joint angle.

<p>(Upper Row) Visualization of the individual amplitudes of HL, HM, VL and VM for the different quintiles throughout the entire landing phase (from 100ms before initial contact until take off). The participants were divided in quintiles based on the peak knee flexion angles. green (1): largest knee flexion angle; yellow (2); light orange (3); orange (4); red (5): smallest knee flexion angle. (Lower Row) Linear regression analyses show the association between peak knee flexion angle and the individual amplitudes of VM, VL, HM and HL. The vertical dashed-dotted line represents the initial contact event. The horizontal dashed line represents the critical threshold (p<0.05).</p

Visualisation of single-leg stepping down-task.

<p>A: Participant who performed the stepping down task with a more erect knee joint. B: Participant who performed the stepping down task in a more flexed pattern (more knee and hip joint flexion).</p

Neuromuscular activation patterns of muscle pairs and the relation with the peak hip joint angle.

<p>(Central figure) Differences in activation patterns between the different quintiles are visualized. The participants were divided in quintiles based on the peak hip flexion angles. green (1): largest hip flexion angle; yellow (2); light orange (3); orange (4); red (5): smallest hip flexion angle. The bold part of the quintiles shows the time point where the relation between the EMG vector and the peak hip flexion angle is the most significant. (A,B,C,D) CCA show the association between peak hip joint flexion angle and the anterior {VM,VL}, lateral {VL,HL}, posterior {HM,HL} and medial {VM,HM} EMG vector. The horizontal dashed line represents the critical threshold (p<0.05). (Corner Figures) Linear regression analyses show the association between peak hip flexion angle and the individual amplitudes of VM, VL, HM and HL. The vertical dashed-dotted line represents the initial contact event. The horizontal dashed line represents the critical threshold (p<0.05).</p

Neuromuscular activation patterns of all participants (n = 50) consisting of four normalized EMG vectors.

<p>Each vector represents the activation of muscle pairs throughout the landing phase. The arrows indicate the time component going from 100ms before initial contact until take off.</p

Platform characteristics during the eight different conditions.

<p>Platform characteristics during the eight different conditions.</p

Data of all 13 participants to illustrate the different time periods.

<p>The straight line represents the average data for the large multi-planar perturbation (MMP-L) and the dotted line represents the average data for the large single-planar perturbation (SPP-L).</p