85 research outputs found
32-week premature rupture of membranes caused by oropharyngeal microbiota
Introduction. Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) usually has a multifactorial etiology that is often unknown, although the most frequently reported cause is infection by group B Streptococcus. Therefore, the etiology of PPROM, although probably infectious, remains unknown in most cases. This case describes a PPROM caused by infection from oropharyngeal microbiota. Case presentation. We report the case of a 26-yr-old pregnant woman. The gestational age was 32 weeks+5 days. Examinations in the emergency department revealed the release of clear amniotic fluid and a closed multiparous cervix with a length of 22 mm. Endocervical culture evidenced the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae. Conclusion. Preventive antibiotic therapy should consider: opportunistic infections by normal genital microbiota, infections due to sexual activity, opportunist microorganisms derived from oral sex, and the hematogenous spread of oral bacteria.S
Systematic Review of Plasmid AmpC Type Resistances in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and Preliminary Proposal of a Simplified Screening Method for ampC
Beta-lactamase (BL) production is a major public health problem. Although not the most
frequent AmpC type, AmpC-BL is increasingly isolated, especially plasmid AmpC-BL (pAmpCBL).
The objective of this study was to review information published to date on pAmpC-BL in
Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and on the epidemiology and detection methods used by
clinical microbiology laboratories, by performing a systematic review using the MEDLINE PubMed
database. The predictive capacity of a screening method to detect AmpC-BL using disks with
cloxacillin (CLX) was also evaluated by studying 102 Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates grown in
CHROMID ESBL medium with the addition of cefepime (FEP), cefoxitin (FOX), ertapenem (ETP),
CLX, and oxacillin with CLX. The review, which included 149 publications, suggests that certain
risk factors (prolonged hospitalization and previous use of cephalosporins) are associated with
infections by pAmpC-BL-producing microorganisms. The worldwide prevalence has increased over
the past 10 years, with a positivity rate ranging between 0.1 and 40%, although AmpC was only
detected when sought in a targeted manner. CMY-2 type has been the most prevalent pAmpC-BLproducing
microorganism. The most frequently used phenotypic method has been the double-disk
synergy test (using CLX disks or phenyl-boronic acid and cefotaxime [CTX] and ceftazidime) and
the disk method combined with these inhibitors. In regard to screening methods, a 1- g oxacillin
disk with CLX showed 88.9% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value (PPV),
98.9% negative predictive value (NPV), and 98.9% validity index (VI). This predictive capacity
is reduced with the addition of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, showing 62.5% sensitivity,
100% specificity, 100% PPV, 93.5% NPV, and 94.1% VI. In conclusion, there has been a worldwide
increase in the number of isolates with pAmpC-BL, especially in Asia, with CMY-2 being the most
frequently detected pAmpC-BL-producing type of microorganism. Reduction in its spread requires
routine screening with a combination of phenotypic methods (with AmpC inhibitors) and genotypic
methods (multiplex PCR). In conclusion, the proposed screening technique is an easy-to-apply and
inexpensive test for the detection of AmpC-producing isolates in the routine screening of multidrugresistant
microorganisms
Antibiotic Resistances of Enterobacteriaceae with Chromosomal Ampc in Urine Cultures: Review and Experience of a Spanish Hospital
The Enterobacteriaceae Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella aerogenes, Morganella
morganii, Providencia stuartii, and Serratia marcescens (CESPM group) produce numerous
urinary tract infections (UTIs) which are difficult to treat due to their high multiresistance rate. The
objectives of this study were to carry out a systematic review of antibiotic resistances by UTIs and
to determine changes over time in urine cultures from a reference hospital in southern Spain. The
literature was searched for European data on the resistance rates of each microorganism, and a
retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in samples with suspicion of UTI
from patients in Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital (Granada, Spain) between 2016 and the
first half of 2021. Among 21,838 positive urine cultures, 1.85% were caused by E. cloacae, 0.77%
by M. Morganii, 0.65% by K. aerogenes, 0.46% by C. freundii, 0.29% by P stuartii, and 0.25% by
S. marcescens. The lowest resistance rates by microorganism were: E. cloacae to amikacin (3.47%) and
imipenem (5.28%); M. morganii to piperacillin–tazobactam (1.79%), cefepime (4.76%), and tobramycin
(7.74%); K. aerogenes to tobramycin (3.55%), gentamicin (4.25%), trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole
(4.96%), imipenem (5.75%), and cefepime (6.43%); C. freundii to imipenem (no resistance), nitrofurantoin
(1.96%), fosfomycin (2.80%), and ertapenem (6.12%); P. stuartii to cefepime (3.28%) and
ceftazidime (3.28%); and S. marcescens to gentamicin (1.8%), ciprofloxacin (3.64%), cefepime (3.70%),
piperacillin–tazobactam (3.70%), and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (5.45%). In our setting, CESMP
Enterobacteriaceae showed the lowest resistance to piperacillin–tazobactam, cefepime, imipenem,
gentamicin, and colistin, which can therefore be recommended for the empirical treatment of UTIs.
The COVID-19 pandemic may have had a clinical impact in relation to the increased resistance of E.
cloacae and M. morgani to some antibiotics
Antibiotic resistances of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in urine cultures: experience in a hospital of Southeast Spain
The objectives of this study were to perform a systematic review of publications between 2010 and 2021 on the antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii from urinary tract infections and to analyze changes over time in hospital urine cultures from 2016 through 2021. The literature was searched, and a retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in the hospital. Out of 21 838 positive urine cultures, 3.86% were due to P. aeruginosa and 0.44% were due to A. baumannii. For P. aeruginosa, lower resistance rates were observed to virtually all tested antibiotics than were obtained in the systematic review, and the present series of hospital samples showed an in vitro resistance rate <10% to ceftazidime, cefepime, meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, tobramycin, and colistin. For A. baumannii, the resistance rates to almost all antibiotics were higher in the present series than in the systematic review, being lowest to colistin (10%). Both microorganisms show reduced in vitro susceptibility to some antibiotics during the years of the COVID-19 pandemic in comparison to previous years. In our setting, both piperacillin-tazobactam and meropenem can be recommended for the empirical treatment of UTIs by P. aeruginosa, whereas only colistin can be recommended for UTIs by A. baumannii.Universidad de Granada/CBU
Presence and Relevance of Emerging Microorganisms in Clinical Genitourinary Samples
The following supporting information can be downloaded at:
https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/microorganisms11040915/s1Abstract: Microorganisms responsible for genitourinary infections increasingly include species other
than conventional etiological agents that are of clinical and pathogenic relevance and therapeutic
interest. This cross-sectional descriptive study selected samples from clinical genitourinary episodes
between January 2016 and December 2019 in which emerging microbiological agents were detected.
The patients’ epidemiological characteristics, clinical presentation, antibiotic treatment, and outcome
were studied to identify their pathogenic role. The emerging microorganisms most frequently
detected in urinary tract infections were Streptococcus bovis (58.5%) and Gardnerella spp. (23.6%) in
females and S. bovis (32.3%), Aerococcus urinae (18.6%), and Corynebacterium spp. (16.9%) in males,
while the most frequently detected in genital infections were S. viridans (36.4%) in females and
C. glucuronolyticum (32.2%) and Gardnerella spp. (35.6%) in males. All cases in female children were
produced by S. bovis. Symptomatic episodes were more frequent with Aerococcus spp. and S. bovis and
the presence of leukocytosis more frequent with Aerococcus spp. Quinolones and doxycycline were
most often prescribed antibiotics for genital infections and quinolones and amoxicillin-clavulanic
acid for urinary infections. Urinary infection by Aerococcus spp. was more frequent in males of
advanced age, Corynebacterium spp. was more frequent in permanent vesical catheter carriers, and
episodes of asymptomatic bacteriuria by Gardnerella spp. were more frequent in patients with kidney
transplant and chronic consumers of corticosteroid therapy. Lactobacillus spp. should be considered in
urinary infections of patients of advanced age and with a previous antibiotic load. Genital infection
by Gardnerella spp. was significantly associated with a history of risky sexual relations
Infections in patients colonized with carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in a medium Spanish city
Objetivo. Debido a que existen pocos estudios sobre las
implicaciones clínicas de la colonización por bacterias gramnegativas
resistentes a carbapenémicos (BRC) se analizó ésta en
frotis rectales (FR) y faríngeos (FF) y su relación con la capacidad
de predecir infección/colonización.
Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal,
retrospectivo de los pacientes adultos hospitalizados entre
enero del 2016 y diciembre del 2019. Los aislamientos fueron
caracterizados mediante MicroScan y espectrometría de masas,
aplicando los puntos de corte EUCAST 2018. La detección
de carbapenemasas se realizó mediante PCR y secuenciación
Sanger; se asignó el secuenciotipo mediante MLST. La relación
genética entre los aislados se hizo mediante electroforesis de
campo pulsado usando las enzimas Xbal, Spel o Apal.
Resultados. Se detectaron 308 (86,03 %) FR y 50
(13,97%) FF positivos, teniendo el FR una sensibilidad del
85%, especificidad del 100%, VPP 100% y VPN 97%. En los
FR se aislaron: 44% (n=135) Acinetobacter baumannii, 26%
(n=80) Enterobacterales (20 KPC, 29 OXA-48, 22 VIM, 2 IMP,
7 NDM), 17% (n=53) Pseudomonas aeruginosa y 13% (n=40)
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. En los FF se aislaron un 44%
(n=22) S. maltophilia, 40% (n=20) A. baumannii, 8% (n=4) P.
aeruginosa y 8% (n=4) Enterobacterales (3 VIM, 1 OXA). De
los pacientes con tomas simultáneas de FR y FF, 41 (40,6%)
tuvieron positividad en ambos frotis, 45 (44,6%) sólo en FR
y 15 (14,9%) sólo en FF. En el 81,3% (n=13) de los episodios
la colonización precedió a la infección, existiendo asociación
entre infección y colonización (p<0,001; χ2) y en todos en los
que se conservó la información del pulsotipo los aislados de las
muestras clínicas y de los frotis fueron similares. Conclusiones. La probabilidad de predecir la infección a
través del colonizado por BRC en diferentes muestras clínicas
es factible, teniendo el FR una mayor sensibilidad para detectar
colonización.Objective. Because there are few studies on the clinical
implications of colonization by carbapenem-resistant
gram-negative bacteria (CRB) this was analyzed in rectal
smears (RS) and pharyngeals (PS) and its ability to predict infection/
colonization.
Methodology. A cross-sectional, retrospective study from
adult inpatients between January 2016 and December 2019
was conducted. The isolates were characterized by MicroScan
and spectrometry of masses applying EUCAST 2018 cutoff
points. The detection of carbapenemases was performed
by PCR and Sanger sequencing; sequencies was assigned by
MLST. The genetic relationship between the clinical isolates
was made by pulsed field electrophoresis using the enzymes
Xbal, Spel or Apal.
Results. A total of 308 (86.03%) RS and 50 (13.97%)
positive PS were detected, the RS had a 85% sensibility, 100%
specificity, 100% positive predictive value and 97% negative
predictive value. In RS, the following were isolated: 44% (n
=135) Acinetobacter baumannii, 26% (n =80) Enterobacterales
(20 KPC, 29 OXA-48, 22 VIM, 2 IMP, 7 NDM), 17% (n=53)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 13% (n=40) Stenotrophomonas
maltophilia. In the PS were isolated 44% (n=22) S. maltophilia,
40% (n = 20) A. baumannii, 8% (n=4) P. aeruginosa and 8% (n=4) Enterobacterales (3 VIM, 1 OXA). From the patients
with simultaneous RS and PS, 41 (40.6%) had positivity in both
smears, 45 (44.6%) only in RS and 15 (14.9%) only in PS. Colonization
preceded infection in 81.3% (n=13) of the isolates;
association between infection and colonization was found
(p<0.001; χ2); and the episodes where the information was
found all the isolates from the clinical samples and from the
smears were similar.
Conclusions. The probability of predicting infection
through the CRB colonized in different clinical samples is feasible.
The RS has a major sensibility to detect colonization
Emerging Presence of Culturable Microorganisms in Clinical Samples of the Genitourinary System: Systematic Review and Experience in Specialized Care of a Regional Hospital
The detection of emerging pathogens responsible for genitourinary infections has increased
with technological advances. We conducted a systematic review of publications on the involvement of
these microorganisms in genitourinary samples, and we also investigated their presence and antibiotic
susceptibility in samples from patients at our regional hospital (Granada, Spain). The MEDLINE
database was searched up to 31 December 2020, and a cross-sectional descriptive study was performed
of results obtained in urine samples and genital exudates from January 2016 through December
2019. The review highlighted the frequent involvement of Neisseria meningitidis in genital infections,
while the data on other microorganisms were consistent with findings in our patient series. The
emerging microorganisms most often responsible for urinary tract infections were Streptococcus bovis
(58.5%) and Gardnerella vaginalis (23.6%) in females, and S. bovis (32.3%), Aerococcus urinae (18.6%),
and Corynebacterium spp. (16.9%) in males; those most frequently reported in genital infections were
S. viridans (36.4%) in females and C. glucuronolyticum (32.2%) and G. vaginalis (35.6%) in males. In
general, emerging pathogens are resistant to conventional antibiotics such as penicillin. However,
there has also been an increase in beta-lactam resistance by the S. bovis group and Corynebacterium
spp. The systematic review showed that emerging microorganisms are responsible for only a small
percentage of genitourinary infections but are of major clinical interest, with a predominance of
the S. bovis group, G. vaginalis, Lactobacillus spp., Aerococcus spp., and Corynebacterium spp. in urine
samples and of G. vaginalis and C. glucuronolyticum in genital samples. Given the increasing resistance
to antibiotics empirically prescribed in patients with genitourinary infections, it is recommended to
create an antibiogram in all cases
Unusual Manifestation of Toscana Virus Infection, Spain
This study was supported in part by project 05/305, Junta de Andalucía, SpainYe
Increased infections by herpes simplex virus type 1 and polymicrobials of the genital tract, in the general population of a Spanish middle city
Introducción. Las infecciones por genitopatógenos son
un motivo de consulta frecuente en Atención Primaria y en las
especialidades de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Urología, Ginecología
y Dermatología. Las causas más comunes son los microorganismos
oportunistas y los responsables de las infecciones
de transmisión sexual asociadas a prácticas sin protección.
El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar los microorganismos
que causan estas infecciones en los pacientes atendidos en
el Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves de Granada y la
sensibilidad a los antibióticos de Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal y
retrospectivo, en el que se incluyeron los resultados emitidos,
entre enero de 2018 y diciembre de 2019, en el Laboratorio de
Microbiología a partir de todos los episodios estudiados mediante
procedimiento normalizados de trabajo.
Resultados: Los microorganismos más frecuentemente
detectados fueron Gardnerella vaginalis (23,81%) seguido de
Candida spp. (20,9%), sobre todo en mujeres, N. gonorrhoeae
(11,36%) y Ureaplasma urealyticum (11,99%), sobre todo en
hombres. En multitud de ocasiones se presentaron de forma
combinada. En cuanto a los virus del herpes simple, en hombres
la infección por ambas especies tuvo una presencia similar
(50%), mientras que en mujeres el tipo 1 fue más prevalente
(76,52%). Los antibióticos más activos frente a N. gonorrhoeae
fueron cefotaxima (98%) y cefixima (100%), siendo poco activo
tetraciclina (39,02%).
Conclusiones. Los patógenos más frecuentes correspondieron
a aquellos que han causado habitualmente infecciones
en las mujeres, aunque N. gonorrhoeae fue el más frecuente en varones y las infecciones mixtas no son un hallazgo casual.
Las infecciones por VHS-1 fueron más frecuentes que por VHS-
2, lo cual confirma la tendencia de un cambio en la epidemiología
del herpes genital.Introduction. Infections by genitopathogens are a frequent
reason for consultation in Primary Health Care and in
the specialties of Infectious Diseases, Urology, Gynecology,
and Dermatology. The most common causes are opportunistic
microorganisms and responsible for sexually transmitted
infections associated with unprotected sex. The objective is
to determine the microorganisms that cause these infections
in patients treated at the Hospital Universitario Virgen de las
Nieves in Granada and Neisseria gonorrhoeae susceptibility to
antibiotics.
Material and methods. A transversal-descriptive and retrospective
study was carried out, which included the results
issued, between January 2018 and December 2019, in the
Microbiology Laboratory from all the episodes studied using
standardized working procedures.
Results. The most frequently detected microorganisms
were Gardnerella vaginalis (23.81%) followed by Candida spp.
(20.9%), especially in females, and N. gonorrhoeae (11.36%)
and Ureaplasma urealyticum (11.99%), in males. Many times,
they were presented in combination. Regarding herpes simplex
viruses, infection by both species had a similar prevalence (50%) in males, while type 1 was more prevalent (76.52%) in
females. The most active antibiotics against N. gonorrhoeae
were cefotaxime (98%) and cefixime (100%). Tetracycline
(39.02%) a poorly active antibiotic.
Conclusions. The most frequent pathogens corresponded
to those that usually caused infections in females, although N.
gonorrhoeae was the most frequent in males and mixed infections
are not an accidental finding. HSV-1 infections were
more frequent than HSV-2, confirming the trend of a change
in the epidemiology of genital herpes
Sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors associated to significative bacteriuria in a Spanish health area
Objetivo. Determinar las características epidemiológicas
de las bacteriurias significativas (BS) y su relación con factores
sociodemográficos, así como analizar los factores de riesgo en
pacientes hospitalizados.
Material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado
sobre el conjunto de registros obtenidos a partir del procesamiento
de todas las muestras de urocultivos recibidas en el
laboratorio de Microbiología del Hospital Universitario Virgen
de las Nieves (Granada, España) entre enero de 2016 y diciembre
de 2020, diferenciando entre población infantil y adulta.
Como variables dependientes se analizaron la presencia de BS,
las variables independientes fueron la edad en años, sexo, año
y mes de la muestra, tipo de muestra, procedencia de la muestra
y número de aislamientos. En los urocultivos obtenidos de
pacientes ingresados se evaluó la presencia de factores de riesgo
asociados a partir del Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos.
Resultados. Se analizaron 68.587 registros válidos (un
96,3% del total). El 40,8% (IC95%: 40,4%-41,2%) de los urocultivos
en adultos y el 33,8% (IC95%: 32,9%-34,7%) en niños
fueron positivos. La incidencia en adultos descendió de
18,2 casos/1.000 habitantes en el año 2016 a 14,6 casos/1.000
habitantes en 2020. Para estos mismos años, la incidencia en
menores disminuyó de 21,1 a 8,4 casos/1.000 habitantes, respectivamente.
Los urocultivos positivos fueron más frecuentes
en niños del ámbito urbano frente al ámbito rural (OR=1,37;
p<0,01), sin significación en adultos. En adultos hospitalizados,
por cada año de edad transcurrido, el riesgo de BS aumentó un
2%, (OR=1,02), fue un 36% mayor en mujeres (OR=1,36), un
18% superior en obesos (OR=1,18) y un 17% más frecuente en pacientes con enfermedad renal (OR=1,17), todas ellas de
forma significativa (p<0,01). No se observó relación entre BS y
diagnóstico de COVID-19.
Conclusión. Las características sociodemográficas de la
población con BS atendida en nuestra área de salud, tanto en
adultos como en niños, son similares a las encontradas en otras
áreas geográficas a nivel mundial, observando una tendencia
decreciente en la incidencia de BS en los años estudiados. La
frecuencia de BS en niños es mayor en el ámbito urbano.Objective. To determine the epidemiological characteristics
of significative bacteriuria (SB) and their relationship with
sociodemographic factors and to analyze risk factors in inpatients.
Material and methods. Cross-sectional descriptive study
carried out on urine culture samples received between 2016-
2020 in the Microbiology laboratory, differentiating between
minors and adults. The dependent variable was the presence
of SB and the independent variables were age, sex, year, type
of sample and source of the sample. In urine cultures of inpatients,
risk factors were evaluated from the Minimum Basic
Data Set.
Results. A total of 68,587 valid records (96.3% of the
total) were analyzed. 40.8% (95% CI: 40.4%-41.2%) of urine
cultures in adults and 33.8% (95% CI: 32.9%-34.7%) in children
were positive, with an incidence that ranged in adults
between 18.2 cases/1,000 inhabitants in 2016 and 14.6 cases/
1,000 inhabitants in 2020 and 21.1 and 8.4 cases/1,000 inhabitants
respectively in minors. Positive urine cultures were more frequent in children from urban areas compared to rural
areas (OR=1.37; p<0.01). In hospitalized adults, for each year
of age the risk of SB increased by 2%, it was 36% higher in
women, 18% higher in obese patients and 17% more frequent
in patients with kidney disease, (p<0.01). No relationship was
observed between SB and diagnosis of COVID-19.
Conclusion. The sociodemographic characteristics of
the population with SB in our health area are similar to those
found in other geographical areas worldwide, observing a decreasing
trend in incidence in the years studied. The frequency
of SB in children is higher in urban areas
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