Phylogenetic tree of the FS-H-like proteins.

Sequences from C. felis, X. cheopis and scorpion toxins were used and the tree was constructed using the Maximum likelihood model. The number at the bases of the branches represents the concordance between 500 bootstraps replicates. (PDF)</p

Amino acid alignment of members of the FS-H protein family.

Sequences from C. felis salivary glands (Cf_contig_XXXX) detected by LC-MS analysis with previously deposited identified FS-H members from the rat flea X. cheopis (Xc_XXX and ABMXXXXX) and scorpion toxins from Centruroides noxius (sp|P15223), Tityus obscurus (sp| H1ZZI4), Mesobuthus martensii (sp|P15228), Leiurus hebraeus (sp|P0C5I9) and Rhopalurus junceus (sp|E7CLP2). The conserved cysteine residues are shaded in black.</p

Amino acid alignment of Cf-12 and contig_5185.

Cf-12 was identified in the previous C. felis sialome and contig_5185 is from the current dataset. The putative signal peptide is underscored, the distinct residues between the two sequences are red-boxed and the cysteine residues are blue-boxed. (PDF)</p

<i>Phlebotomus papatasi</i> circadian rhythm pathway annotation.

Phlebotomus papatasi circadian rhythm pathway annotation.</p

Chitinase family annotation.

Phlebotomine sand flies are of global significance as important vectors of human disease, transmitting bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens, including the kinetoplastid parasites of the genus Leishmania, the causative agents of devastating diseases collectively termed leishmaniasis. More than 40 pathogenic Leishmania species are transmitted to humans by approximately 35 sand fly species in 98 countries with hundreds of millions of people at risk around the world. No approved efficacious vaccine exists for leishmaniasis and available therapeutic drugs are either toxic and/or expensive, or the parasites are becoming resistant to the more recently developed drugs. Therefore, sand fly and/or reservoir control are currently the most effective strategies to break transmission. To better understand the biology of sand flies, including the mechanisms involved in their vectorial capacity, insecticide resistance, and population structures we sequenced the genomes of two geographically widespread and important sand fly vector species: Phlebotomus papatasi, a vector of Leishmania parasites that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis, (distributed in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa) and Lutzomyia longipalpis, a vector of Leishmania parasites that cause visceral leishmaniasis (distributed across Central and South America). We categorized and curated genes involved in processes important to their roles as disease vectors, including chemosensation, blood feeding, circadian rhythm, immunity, and detoxification, as well as mobile genetic elements. We also defined gene orthology and observed micro-synteny among the genomes. Finally, we present the genetic diversity and population structure of these species in their respective geographical areas. These genomes will be a foundation on which to base future efforts to prevent vector-borne transmission of Leishmania parasites.</div

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of <i>Lu</i>. <i>longipalpis</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>papatasi</i> and <i>D</i>. <i>melanogaster</i> TRP channel sequences.

The different TRP subfamilies are displayed on the right. The evolutionary history was inferred by using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the Whelan and Goldman +Freq. model with 1000 bootstrap replicates. (TIF)</p

Parameter values of male copulatory songs from <i>Lutzomyia longipalpis</i> from Araci and Olindina.

Parameter values of male copulatory songs from Lutzomyia longipalpis from Araci and Olindina.</p

Mitogen activated protein kinase family annotation.

Mitogen activated protein kinase family annotation.</p

<i>Lutzomyia longipalpis</i> genes within differentiation islands.

Lutzomyia longipalpis genes within differentiation islands.</p

Insulin signaling pathway annotation.

Phlebotomine sand flies are of global significance as important vectors of human disease, transmitting bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens, including the kinetoplastid parasites of the genus Leishmania, the causative agents of devastating diseases collectively termed leishmaniasis. More than 40 pathogenic Leishmania species are transmitted to humans by approximately 35 sand fly species in 98 countries with hundreds of millions of people at risk around the world. No approved efficacious vaccine exists for leishmaniasis and available therapeutic drugs are either toxic and/or expensive, or the parasites are becoming resistant to the more recently developed drugs. Therefore, sand fly and/or reservoir control are currently the most effective strategies to break transmission. To better understand the biology of sand flies, including the mechanisms involved in their vectorial capacity, insecticide resistance, and population structures we sequenced the genomes of two geographically widespread and important sand fly vector species: Phlebotomus papatasi, a vector of Leishmania parasites that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis, (distributed in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa) and Lutzomyia longipalpis, a vector of Leishmania parasites that cause visceral leishmaniasis (distributed across Central and South America). We categorized and curated genes involved in processes important to their roles as disease vectors, including chemosensation, blood feeding, circadian rhythm, immunity, and detoxification, as well as mobile genetic elements. We also defined gene orthology and observed micro-synteny among the genomes. Finally, we present the genetic diversity and population structure of these species in their respective geographical areas. These genomes will be a foundation on which to base future efforts to prevent vector-borne transmission of Leishmania parasites.</div