Morphological Profile of Female Professional Soccer Players in Chile

Foundation: In team sports as soccer, knowing the player´s profiles may allow a better choice and training. Female soccer, even though it started in the 70´s, only in the last decades it has had a considerable development.Objective: to describe the anthropometric and somatotype of soccer female players.Methods: descriptive study which consisted on evaluating 72 female soccer players pertaining to the Chilean Female Soccer Federation. For obtaining and analyzing their morphologic profile, their body mass, standing height, sitting height, the total sum of six cutaneous folders and eight cutaneous folders were measured according to the protocol of marking and measuring of the International Society for developing Cineanthropometry. There were also calculated the three components of Health-Carter somatotype for each game position.Results: There were not found significant differences of body mass, height, total of six and eight cutaneous folders, there were in the variable sitting height (p&lt;0,05). There were not significant differences at absolute and relative levels of adipose and body mass but there was in relative bone mass (p&lt;0, 05). The 66, 7 % of the players showed a mesomorphism as the main component.Conclusion: Mesomorphic somatotype predominated in all categories and there are significant differences among categories. That is why it is necessary to consider specific strategies for each of them aiming at optimizing the athlete’s sport output</p

Effects of acute supplementation with beta-alanine on a limited time test at maximum aerobic speed on endurance athletes

Introducción: la beta-alanina (BA) es una de las ayudas ergogénicas más utilizadas actualmente por deportistas, pero la mayoría de los estudios centran su investigación en la suplementación prolongada. Objetivos: determinar el efecto agudo de la suplementación con BA sobre una prueba de tiempo límite (PTL) a velocidad aeróbica máxima (VAM) en atletas de resistencia. Material y método: once atletas de resistencia (VO2máx 61,6 ± 9,5 mLO2·kg-1·min-1) fueron parte del estudio. El diseño fue doble ciego, cruzado intrasujeto, y la suplementación de BA fue de 30 mg·kg-1 o placebo (PL) 60 minutos antes de completar una PTL. Las variables fueron: tiempo y distancia en la PTL y concentraciones de lactato ([La]) postesfuerzo en los minutos 1, 3, 5, 7 y 9. Para el análisis se utilizó una prueba t de Student y el tamaño del efecto (TE) se realizó mediante la prueba d de Cohen. Resultados: el tiempo en la PTL evidenció diferencias significativas entre la BA y PL (p = 0,047; TE = 0,48). No se observaron diferencias significativas en distancia entre ambos grupos (p = 0,071; TE = 0,48) y las [La] evidenciaron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos en los minutos 3, 5 y 7, respectivamente (p < 0,05). Conclusión: la suplementación aguda con BA evidenció aumentos significativos en el tiempo de ejecución en la PTL a intensidades correspondientes a VAM. Por lo anterior, la suplementación aguda con BA es una ayuda ergogénica que podría ser considerada por los atletas de resistencia para aumentar el rendimiento deportivo.Introduction: the beta-alanine (BA) is one of the ergogenic aid most used by athletes, but the majority of the studies center the research on chronic supplementation. Objectives: to determine the acute effect of BA supplementation on a limited time test (LTT) at maximum aerobic speed (MAS) on endurance athletes. Material and method: eleven endurance athletes (VO2max 61.6 ± 9.5 mLO2·kg-1·min-1) were part of the study. The study consisted of a double- blind, cross-over intra-subject design, and the BA supplementation was 30 mg·kg-1 or placebo (PL) 60 minutes before completing a LTT. The variables were: time and distance in LTT, and post-effort lactate concentrations ([La]) in minutes 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. The Student’s t test was used for the analysis and the size of the effect (SE) was measured through Cohen’s d test. Results: the time on LTT showed significant differences between BA and PL (p = 0.047; SE = 0.48). No significant differences were seen between both groups (p = 0.071; SE = 0.48), and [La] showed significant differences between both groups in minutes 3, 5 and 7, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusion: acute supplementation with BA showed a significant increase in the execution time in LTT in the intensities connected to MAS. Hence, acute supplementation with BA is an ergogenic aid that could be considered by resistance athletes in order to increase the athletic performance

Breakfast: A Crucial Meal for Adolescents’ Cognitive Performance According to Their Nutritional Status. The Cogni-Action Project

This study aimed to determine whether pupils who have breakfast just before a cognitive demand, do not regularly skip breakfast, and consume a high-quality breakfast present higher cognitive performance than those who do not; furthermore, to establish differences according to their nutritional status. In this study, 1181 Chilean adolescents aged 10–14 years participated. A global cognitive score was computed through eight tasks, and the body mass index z-score (BMIz) was calculated using a growth reference for school-aged adolescents. The characteristics of breakfast were self-reported. Analyses of covariance were performed to determine differences in cognitive performance according to BMIz groups adjusted to sex, peak height velocity, physical fitness global score, and their schools. A positive association was found in adolescents’ cognitive performance when they had breakfast just before cognitive tasks, did not regularly skip breakfast, presented at least two breakfast quality components, and included dairy products. No significant differences were found between breakfast components, including cereal/bread and fruits/fruit juice. Finally, pupils who were overweight/obese who declared that they skipped breakfast regularly presented a lower cognitive performance than their normal-BMIz peers. These findings suggest that adolescents who have breakfast just prior to a cognitive demand and regularly have a high quality breakfast have better cognitive performance than those who do not. Educative nutritional strategies should be prioritized, especially in “breakfast skippers” adolescents living with overweight/obesity

Comparación entre hidratación con leche chocolatada descremada y bebida deportiva posterior al ejercicio físico en militares

Introducción: dos factores importantes han sido descritos como contribuyentes en la aparición de fatiga durante el ejercicio físico: la disminución de las reservas de glucógeno muscular y la pérdida de agua con electrolitos a través del sudor, que favorecen la deshidratación. Debido a esto, la reposición de líquidos y electrolitos posterior al ejercicio físico se transforma en la prioridad para restablecer la homeostasis corporal alterada durante el ejercicio físico. Por su composición nutricional, la leche parece ser una buena alternativa natural como bebida rehidratante posterior al ejercicio físico. Objetivo: comparar la efectividad como bebida de rehidratación de la leche descremada chocolatada contra una bebida deportiva artificial en militares, a partir de la hipótesis de que la leche descremada chocolatada tiene iguales o mejores efectos sobre la hidratación post ejercicio, que una bebida deportiva artificial. Método: 30 militares (23,0 ± 3,2 años) se dividieron en 2 grupos: 1) rehidratación con bebida deportiva con 6 % de carbohidratos y relación de Na/K 2:1 (grupo ISO). Rehidratación con leche descremada chocolatada (grupo LECHE). Se evaluó la retención de fluidos a través del peso corporal y la gravedad específica de la orina (GEO) antes y después del ejercicio físico y posterior a las 2 horas de rehidratación. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias significativas (p< 0,05) en la retención de fluidos en el grupo LECHE comparado con el grupo ISO. No hubo diferencias significativas entre la GEO de ambos grupos. Conclusión: Los resultados muestran que la rehidratación con leche descremada es más efectiva en la retención de fluidos y recuperación del peso previo al ejercicio que la bebida deportiva

Control del ritmo cardiaco, ingesta energética y calidad del sueño en bailarines de danza clásica

Fundamento: la danza clásica requiere de capacidades específicas a nivel de fuerza, velocidad, y flexibilidad. El entrenamiento implica sobrecarga y estrés a largo plazo, al haber desequilibrio entre cargas y recuperación se puede originar síndrome de sobre entrenamiento. No existen procedimientos específicos que permitan diagnosticar este síndrome, es necesario tener marcadores que proporcionen información previa a su desarrollo. El análisis de la variabilidad del ritmo cardiaco es una herramienta válida y no invasiva para evaluar el sistema nervioso autónomo frente a la carga de entrenamiento. Objetivo: determinar la influencia de las fases de preparación al estreno de temporada sobre el control autonómico del ritmo cardiaco, ingesta energética y la calidad del sueño en bailarines de danza clásica. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal realizado en la ciudad de Santiago de Chile, durante la preparación previa de bailarines de danza clásica, para la temporada del 2015 que se realizó durante el mes de julio. El universo estuvo constituido por los 25 bailarines profesionales, la muestra quedó conformada por nueve individuos sanos y sin lesiones y/o tratamiento farmacológico. A los bailarines se les registraron parámetros de variabilidad del ritmo cardiaco, registro de consumo de alimentos de 24 horas y encuesta de calidad de sueño. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para medidas de tendencia central. Para la comparación de las fases, se utilizó la prueba de t student. Para el análisis de correlación se utilizó el test de Spearman. Resultados: no hubo diferencias significativas entre los parámetros evaluados. Se encontró una correlación entre pNN50 y el puntaje del Índice de calidad del sueño de Pittsburgh en la fase 1 (r= -0,77; p= 0,02). Conclusiones: desde el punto de vista estadístico los resultados sugieren que las fases de preparación previas al estreno no influyen en la variabilidad del ritmo cardiaco, ingesta energética y calidad de sueño. Clínicamente se observó que la variabilidad tiende a disminuir mientras que la ingesta energética aumenta y la calidad del sueño tiende a mejorar

Control del ritmo cardiaco, ingesta energética y calidad del sueño en bailarines de danza clásica

Fundamento: la danza clásica requiere de capacidades específicas a nivel de fuerza, velocidad, y flexibilidad. El entrenamiento implica sobrecarga y estrés a largo plazo, al haber desequilibrio entre cargas y recuperación se puede originar síndrome de sobre entrenamiento. No existen procedimientos específicos que permitan diagnosticar este síndrome, es necesario tener marcadores que proporcionen información previa a su desarrollo. El análisis de la variabilidad del ritmo cardiaco es una herramienta válida y no invasiva para evaluar el sistema nervioso autónomo frente a la carga de entrenamiento. Objetivo: determinar la influencia de las fases de preparación al estreno de temporada sobre el control autonómico del ritmo cardiaco, ingesta energética y la calidad del sueño en bailarines de danza clásica. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal realizado en la ciudad de Santiago de Chile, durante la preparación previa de bailarines de danza clásica, para la temporada del 2015 que se realizó durante el mes de julio. El universo estuvo constituido por los 25 bailarines profesionales, la muestra quedó conformada por nueve individuos sanos y sin lesiones y/o tratamiento farmacológico. A los bailarines se les registraron parámetros de variabilidad del ritmo cardiaco, registro de consumo de alimentos de 24 horas y encuesta de calidad de sueño. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para medidas de tendencia central. Para la comparación de las fases, se utilizó la prueba de t student. Para el análisis de correlación se utilizó el test de Spearman. Resultados: no hubo diferencias significativas entre los parámetros evaluados. Se encontró una correlación entre pNN50 y el puntaje del Índice de calidad del sueño de Pittsburgh en la fase 1 (r= -0,77; p= 0,02). Conclusiones: desde el punto de vista estadístico los resultados sugieren que las fases de preparación previas al estreno no influyen en la variabilidad del ritmo cardiaco, ingesta energética y calidad de sueño. Clínicamente se observó que la variabilidad tiende a disminuir mientras que la ingesta energética aumenta y la calidad del sueño tiende a mejorar

Morphological Profile of Female Professional Soccer Players in Chile

Foundation: In team sports as soccer, knowing the player´s profiles may allow a better choice and training. Female soccer, even though it started in the 70´s, only in the last decades it has had a considerable development.Objective: to describe the anthropometric and somatotype of soccer female players.Methods: descriptive study which consisted on evaluating 72 female soccer players pertaining to the Chilean Female Soccer Federation. For obtaining and analyzing their morphologic profile, their body mass, standing height, sitting height, the total sum of six cutaneous folders and eight cutaneous folders were measured according to the protocol of marking and measuring of the International Society for developing Cineanthropometry. There were also calculated the three components of Health-Carter somatotype for each game position.Results: There were not found significant differences of body mass, height, total of six and eight cutaneous folders, there were in the variable sitting height (p&lt;0,05). There were not significant differences at absolute and relative levels of adipose and body mass but there was in relative bone mass (p&lt;0, 05). The 66, 7 % of the players showed a mesomorphism as the main component.Conclusion: Mesomorphic somatotype predominated in all categories and there are significant differences among categories. That is why it is necessary to consider specific strategies for each of them aiming at optimizing the athlete’s sport output</p

Variation on somatotype and waist circumference in a sample of university students between years 2012 and 2014 in the Temuco, Chile Caracterización del somatotipo y circunferencia de cintura en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios entre los años 2012 -2014 de la ciudad de Temuco, Chile

Objetive: to determine variation on somatotype and waist circumference (WC) in university students during a three-year follow-up. Methods: a total sample of 36 first-year university students was recruited in 2012. Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype and waist circumference were assessed in 2012 and 2014. Results: male students showed mesomorph component (3.7-5.3-1.8) as dominant in 2012, while in 2014 endomorph and mesomorph components were equal (4.1-4.5-1.6). The somatotype in female students was dominated by endomorphic component in 2012 (5.4-4.6-1.7) and 2014 (5.3-3.2-1.6). Among somatotypes, for both, male and female students, only endomorphy showed statistically significant differences during the follow-up (p = 0,00). The endo-mesomorphic somatotype was dominant in men with 61.9% in 2012 and 38.1% in 2014. Women showed a higher percentage for meso-endomorphic somatotype with 60% in 2012 and 80% in 2014. In men, WC between 2014 and 2014 showed a statistically significant increment of 4.8% (p = 0,00). In women WC increased by 13.3% but no statistically difference was observed (p = 0,10). Conclusions: this study showed somatotypic change with tendency in increased endomorphy in both men and women. Despite WC values were similar to the national mean, cases with cardiometabolic risk increased during the follow-up period based on this measurement

Effect of Intensity and Duration of Exercise on Gut Microbiota in Humans: A Systematic Review

(1) Background: The gut microbiota might play a part in affecting athletic performance and is of considerable importance to athletes. The aim of this study was to search the recent knowledge of the protagonist played by high-intensity and high-duration aerobic exercise on gut microbiota composition in athletes and how these effects could provide disadvantages in sports performance. (2) Methods: This systematic review follows the PRISMA guidelines. An exhaustive bibliographic search in Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus was conducted considering the articles published in the last 5 years. The selected articles were categorized according to the type of study. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute&rsquo;s Critical Appraisal Tool for Systematic Reviews. (3) Results: Thirteen studies had negative effects of aerobic exercise on intestinal microbiota such as an upsurge in I-FABP, intestinal distress, and changes in the gut microbiota, such as an increase in Prevotella, intestinal permeability and zonulin. In contrast, seven studies observed positive effects of endurance exercise, including an increase in the level of bacteria such as increased microbial diversity and increased intestinal metabolites. (4) Conclusions: A large part of the studies found reported adverse effects on the intestinal microbiota when performing endurance exercises. In studies carried out on athletes, more negative effects on the microbiota were found than in those carried out on non-athletic subjects

Sleep Quality in Chilean Professional Soccer Players

Recent research has shown that good sleep quality has a positive effect on physical performance. However, sleep quality in Chilean professional soccer players is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine sleep quality in Chilean professional soccer players. It was a cross-sectional, explanatory study with observable variables. The sample consisted of 94 Chilean male soccer players belonging to four professional clubs. The main variable was the Sleep Quality Index, evaluated through the Pittsburgh questionnaire (Spanish version). After estimating sleep quality individually, the four professional soccer clubs’ comparison was performed through a one-factor ANOVA. The Pearson test was used to relate the questionnaire variables; the significance level was p &lt; 0.05. In the global analysis of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, a value of 4.75 ± 2.29 on a scale of 0–21 was observed, with no significant differences between the clubs evaluated (p &gt; 0.05). Based on the results obtained, Chilean male professional soccer players present good sleep quality. However, the high values of “sleep latency” and “sleep disturbances” are indicators that should be worked on by the multidisciplinary team of each professional club. They should develop strategies to improve sleep hygiene, encourage good sleep, and fall asleep efficiently