Regression coefficients.

<p>Regression coefficients.</p

Rotated factor loadings (orthogonal Varimax rotation) of image spectral, texture and structure variables.

<p>Rotated factor loadings (orthogonal Varimax rotation) of image spectral, texture and structure variables.</p

Feature importance plot (Random Forest).

<p>Feature importance plot (Random Forest).</p

Accuracy assessment of GE image classification results.

<p>Accuracy assessment of GE image classification results.</p

Partial dependence plots for the four most relevant variables (Gradient Boost Regressor): RSF, percentage of vegetation and water, and RMM.

<p>Partial dependence plots for the four most relevant variables (Gradient Boost Regressor): RSF, percentage of vegetation and water, and RMM.</p

Location of Liverpool city and LED index values at LSOA level, shown over a Stamen Terrain base map (base map tiles by Stamen Design, under a CC BY 3.0, data by OpenStreetMap, under CC BY SA).

<p>Location of Liverpool city and LED index values at LSOA level, shown over a Stamen Terrain base map (base map tiles by Stamen Design, under a CC BY 3.0, data by OpenStreetMap, under CC BY SA).</p

Experiments design.

Combination of urban masks, dimensions and covariates to simulate scenarios with poor- (E1, E14-E16), average- (E2, E7-8, E13, E17-E20) and rich-data (E3-E6, E9-E13, E21-E36) for population count disaggregation, by means of binary and categorical dasymetric, statistical and combined methods. The cross (x) indicates the data available for each experiment.</p

Iterative test experiment to determine the most suitable combination of occupancy proportions for commercial and other land uses at L0.

Where the occupancy of residential buildings is 100% and the values of commercial (C) and others (O), respectively, are shown in the X-axis (C%_O%). The normalized root mean square error (RMSE), relative total absolute error (RTAE), underestimation and overestimation are measured for each pair combination for the VHR (grey) and 3D VHR (blue) urban masks. The weight 40_30 minimizes errors between estimated and reference population based on the four-accuracy metrics for both the area and building size urban masks. (TIF)</p

Relative accuracy statistics for the validation of the population disaggregation methods.

Relative accuracy statistics for the validation of the population disaggregation methods.</p

Fig 6 -

Spatial distribution of absolute percentage errors (APE) for L1 (left) and L0 (right) for the best performing experiment (E6). Yellowish colours indicate low errors in population disaggregation, while dark blue and red show high underestimation and overestimation of population, respectively. The boundaries of the L2 source zones (SZ) used in the disaggregation are shown in bold on the top of the two maps.</p