Aspectos qualitativos da silagem de capim-elefante com fubá de milho e casca de soja

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of corn meal and soybean hulls in silage Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo Botucatu. The experiment has adopted a completely randomized design in a split-plot, with seven treatments (elephant grass pure soy cone (5 and 10%) and corn meal (5 and 10%) alone or in joint same proportions totaling 5 to 10%), three open times and three replications. We used a randomized design in a split-plot, with seven treatments (elephant grass pure, soybean hulls (5 and 10%) and corn meal (5 and 10%) of isolated form or together in the same proportions totalizing 5 and 10%, three open times and three replications. There were used experimental silos made of bucket of 20 L. Silos were opened at 7, 14 and 28 days after ensiling, and evaluated the effluent losses, dry matter, pH, total titratable acidity (TTA) and aerobic stability of silage. The use of additives in ensiling reduced the effluent losses. Dry matter varied with the use of additives, obtaining higher values for the silage with 10% soybean hulls or corn meal, in relation to elephant grass pure silage. The results of pH present interaction between treatment and time of opening, with the desired values 7 days after ensiling.The breaking of aerobic stability occurred 48 hours after opening the silo for the treatments containing corn meal alone or together with soybean hulls for both levels. The use of corn meal, either individually or in combination with soybean hulls, was effective in improving the standard of silage fermentation elephant grass, however, additional care should be taken about management after opening the silo.Objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar os efeitos do fubá de milho e da casca de soja na silagem de Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo Botucatu. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcela subdividida, com sete tratamentos (capim-elefante puro, casca de soja (5 e 10%) e fubá de milho (5 e 10%) de forma isolada ou conjunta em mesmas proporções totalizando 5 e 10%), três tempos de abertura e três repetições. Foram utilizados silos experimentais constituídos de baldes plásticos de 20 L com tampa. Os silos foram abertos aos 7, 14 e 28 dias após a ensilagem, sendo avaliadas as perdas por efluentes, matéria seca, pH, acidez titulável e a estabilidade aeróbia da massa ensilada. A utilização de aditivos na ensilagem reduziu as perdas por efluentes. A matéria seca variou com a utilização de aditivos, obtendo valores mais elevados na silagem com 10% de casca de soja ou fubá de milho, em relação à silagem de capim-elefante puro. Os resultados de pH apresentaram interação entre os tratamentos e tempo de abertura, havendo valores desejados aos 7º dia após a ensilagem. A quebra da estabilidade aeróbia ocorreu 48h após a abertura do silo para os tratamentos contendo fubá de milho individual ou em conjunto com casca de soja para os dois níveis. A utilização de fubá de milho, seja individualmente ou em conjunto com a casca de soja, foi eficiente na melhoria do padrão fermentativo da silagem de capim elefante, entretanto, cuidados adicionais devem ser tomados quanto ao manejo pós-abertura do silo

Classification and grading of beef carcasses from the western region of Bahia during two seasons of the year

The final result of beef cattle production systems is verified in carcasses. However, in Brazil the cold storage facility rarely separates the products according to quality, especially in the northeastern region of the country. The objective of this study was to evaluate beef carcasses from the western region of Bahia during two seasons (rainy and dry) of the year according to the National Beef Carcass Grading System (Sistema Nacional de Tipificação de Carcaças Bovinas - SNTCB). The evaluations were performed at a cold storage facility in Barreiras, Bahia, which is monitored by the Federal Inspections Service (Serviço de Inspeção Federal - SIF). A total of 1,000 carcasses, half during the dry season (August) and the other half during the rainy season (December), were sampled. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis and the mean and standard error of each response variable were obtained. The season of the year did not influence the sex of the animals slaughtered, with a balance between intact males (44%) and females (42%) and little participation of castrated males (14%). The degree of maturity of the slaughtered animals was high, with about 70% of the animals possessing more than four permanent incisors. The carcasses varied in terms of finishing from scores 2 to 4; 32% had a low fat cover (score ≤ 2) in the dry season and 52% in the rainy season. Prolonged drought affected the results. The conformation data indicated more than 90% of the carcasses to be rectilinear, subconvex and convex and most of them weighed less than 240 kg, the minimum weight recommended by cold storage facilities. Sixty-four percent of the carcass analyzed were graded as letter “I”, the penultimate score of the official system (B-R-A-S-I-L). Regardless of the season of the year, cattle slaughtered in the western region of Bahia resulted in low-quality carcasses due to the high degree of maturity, inadequate conformation and finishing, and low weight of the animals. Genetic improvement and adequate management are necessary to produce high-quality carcasses.</span

Modified radical mastectomy sparing one or both pectoral muscles in the treatment of breast cancer: intra and postoperative complications

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Modified radical mastectomy is widely utilized in breast cancer treatment. However, no prospective comparison has yet been made between the Madden technique (preservation of the pectoralis minor muscle) and the Patey technique (resection of this muscle). The aim of this work was to compare these two modified radical mastectomy techniques, by analyzing their degrees of difficulty and complications. DESIGN AND SETTING: Randomized trial at the Breast Unit of Hospital Araújo Jorge, Goiás; and Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás. METHODS: 430 patients with breast cancer with an indication for modified radical mastectomy were included in the program, of whom 426 patients were available for analysis (225 allocated to Patey and 201 to Madden). The chi-squared and Student t tests were used for analysis. RESULTS: The patients’ demographics were well balanced between the two groups. The mean duration of the surgical procedures was 105 (± 29.9) and 102 minutes (± 33), for the Patey and Madden groups, respectively (p = 0.6). Hospitalization duration was 2.3 days for both groups. The mean number of lymph nodes resected was 20.3 (± 7.6) for Patey and 19.8 (± 8.1) for Madden (p = 0.5). There were no differences in terms of vascular or nerve sections, hematomas or infections. The surgeons reported the same degree of difficulty for the two methods. CONCLUSION: The removal of the pectoralis minor muscle did not influence any of the variables studied. Therefore, either technique can be performed, at the surgeon’s discretion

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data