4,957 research outputs found
Winning versus losing during gambling and its neural correlates
Humans often make decisions which maximize an internal utility function. For
example, humans often maximize their expected reward when gambling and this is
considered as a "rational" decision. However, humans tend to change their
betting strategies depending on how they "feel". If someone has experienced a
losing streak, they may "feel" that they are more likely to win on the next
hand even though the odds of the game have not changed. That is, their
decisions are driven by their emotional state. In this paper, we investigate
how the human brain responds to wins and losses during gambling. Using a
combination of local field potential recordings in human subjects performing a
financial decision-making task, spectral analyses, and non-parametric cluster
statistics, we investigated whether neural responses in different cognitive and
limbic brain areas differ between wins and losses after decisions are made. In
eleven subjects, the neural activity modulated significantly between win and
loss trials in one brain region: the anterior insula (). In particular,
gamma activity (30-70 Hz) increased in the anterior insula when subjects just
realized that they won. Modulation of metabolic activity in the anterior insula
has been observed previously in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies
during decision making and when emotions are elicited. However, our study is
able to characterize temporal dynamics of electrical activity in this brain
region at the millisecond resolution while decisions are made and after
outcomes are revealed
From a Conventional to an Inclusive Teaching Classroom
Inclusive education constitutes a point of inclination in policy development and care practices to student populations and social diversity. There are goals and strategies in the Mexican educational system which demonstrate the governmentâs interest to promote equity and equality opportunities for the entire vulnerable population. These policies are based on the need to recognize the right of people with special educational needs to quality education. Consequently, one of the goals of Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2019-2024, it is a social policy which has actions to offer education for the entire population and sustainable development.
Therefore, El TecnolĂłgico Nacional de MĂ©xico contributes with a cross-cutting strategy to the evolution with inclusion, total equality and sustainable development through inclusive education.
In this understanding, the purpose of this project is to design an action plan which allows to change a conventional teaching classroom to an inclusive teaching classroom in order to attend people with special educational needs belonging to priority groups of TecnolĂłgico Nacional de MĂ©xico
Limits on excited tau leptons masses from leptonic tau decays
We study the effects induced by excited leptons on the leptonic tau decay at
one loop level. Using a general effective lagrangian approach to describe the
couplings of the excited leptons, we compute their contributions to the
leptonic decays and use the current experimental values of the branching ratios
to put limits on the mass of excited states and the substructure scale.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev.
The Mediterranean diet and incidence of hypertension: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Study
The Mediterranean diet is receiving increasing attention in cardiovascular epidemiology. The association of
adherence to the Mediterranean diet with the incidence of hypertension was evaluated among 9,408 men and
women enrolled in a dynamic Spanish prospective cohort study during 1999â2005. Dietary intake was assessed at
baseline with a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire, and a 9-point Mediterranean diet score
was constructed. During a median follow-up period of 4.2 years (range, 1.9â7.9), 501 incident cases of hypertension
were identified. After adjustment for major hypertension risk factors and nutritional covariates, adherence to
the Mediterranean diet was not associated with hypertension (the hazard ratio was 1.10 (95% confidence interval
(CI): 0.81, 1.41) for moderate adherence and 1.12 (95% CI: 0.79, 1.60) for high adherence). However, it was
associated with reduced changes in mean levels of systolic blood pressure (moderate adherence, 2.4 mm Hg
(95% CI: 4.0, 0.8); high adherence, 3.1 mm Hg (95% CI: 5.4, 0.8)) and diastolic blood pressure (moderate
adherence, 1.3 mm Hg (95% CI: 2.5, 0.1); high adherence, 1.9 mm Hg (95% CI: 3.6, 0.1)) after 6 years of
follow-up. These results suggest that adhering to a Mediterranean-type diet could contribute to the prevention of
age-related changes in blood pressure
Consumo de alcohol e incidencia de hipertensiĂłn en una cohorte mediterrĂĄnea: el estudio SUN
Introduction and objectives. To assess prospectively
the association between alcohol consumption, including
alcoholic beverage preference and days of consumption
per week, and the risk of hypertension in a Mediterranean
cohort.
Methods. We prospectively followed 9,963 Spanish men
and women initially without hypertension. Self-reported
and validated data on diet and hypertension diagnoses
were collected.
Results. During follow-up (median [interquartile range],
4.2 [2.5-6.1] years), 554 incident cases of hypertension
were identified over a total of 43,562 person-years. The
hazard ratio for hypertension among those who consumed
alcohol on â„5 days per week was 1.28 (95% confidence
interval, 0.97-1.7) compared to abstainers. Among those
who drank alcohol â„5 days per week, the hazard ratio for
hypertension associated with consuming â„1 drink per day
was 1.45 (95% confidence interval, 1.06-2) compared
with abstainers. The consumption of beer or spirits,
but not wine, was associated with an increased risk of
hypertension. The hazard ratio associated with consuming
>0.5 drinks of beer or spirits per day was 1.53 (95%
confidence interval, 1.18-1.99) compared with abstainers.
In contrast, there was a nonsignificant inverse association
between red wine intake and the risk of hypertension.
Conclusions. In this Mediterranean population,
the consumption of beer or spirits, but not wine, was
associated with a higher risk of developing hypertension.
However, the weekly pattern of alcohol consumption did
not have a significant impact on the risk of hypertension
Aspirin, non-aspirin analgesics and the risk of hypertension in the SUN cohort.
The use of aspirin and non-aspirin analgesics has been associated with changes in blood pressure. The aim of this study was to investigate prospectively the association between the regular use of aspirin and non-aspirin analgesics and the incidence of hypertension.
METHODS:
The SUN project is an ongoing, continuously expanding, prospective cohort of Spanish university graduates initially free of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer; 9986 (mean age 36 years) were recruited during 1999-2005 and followed up for a mean of 51 months. Regular aspirin and non-aspirin analgesic use and the presence of other risk factors for hypertension were assessed by questionnaire at baseline, and the incidence of hypertension was assessed using biennial follow-up questionnaires.
RESULTS:
In total, 543 new cases of hypertension were identified during follow-up. Regular aspirin use (i.e. 2 or more days/week) was associated with a higher risk of hypertension (hazard ratio=1.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-2.04) after adjustment for various confounding factors. Regular use of non-aspirin analgesic drugs was also associated with a higher risk of hypertension (hazard ratio=1.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.28-2.23).
CONCLUSIONS:
The regular use of aspirin and non-aspirin analgesics were both associated with an increased risk of developing hypertension, independently of other risk factors
Postnatal development of extracellular matrix and vascular function in small arteries of the rat
Introduction: Vascular extracellular matrix (ECM) is dominated by elastic fibers (elastin with fibrillin-rich microfibrils) and collagens. Current understanding of ECM protein development largely comes from studies of conduit vessels (e.g., aorta) while resistance vessel data are sparse. With an emphasis on elastin, we examined whether changes in postnatal expression of arteriolar wall ECM would correlate with development of local vasoregulatory mechanisms such as the myogenic response and endothelium-dependent dilation.Methods: Rat cerebral and mesenteric arteries were isolated at ages 3, 7, 11, 14, 19Â days, 2Â months, and 2Â years. Using qPCR mRNA expression patterns were examined for elastin, collagen types I, II, III, IV, fibrillin-1, and -2, lysyl oxidase (LOX), and transglutaminase 2.Results: Elastin, LOX and fibrillar collagens I and III mRNA peaked at day 11â14 in both vasculatures before declining at later time-points. 3D confocal imaging for elastin showed continuous remodeling in the adventitia and the internal elastic lamina for both cerebral and mesenteric vessels. Myogenic responsiveness in cannulated cerebral arteries was detectable at day 3 with constriction shifted to higher intraluminal pressures by day 19. Myogenic responsiveness of mesenteric vessels appeared fully developed by day 3. Functional studies were performed to investigate developmental changes in endothelial-dependent dilation. Endothelial-dependent dilation to acetylcholine was less at day 3 compared to day 19 and at day 3 lacked an endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor component that was evident at day 19.Conclusion: Collectively, in the rat small artery structural remodeling and aspects of functional control continue to develop in the immediate postnatal period
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