Multiple primary tumours: incidence estimation in the presence of competing risks

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Estimating the risk of developing subsequent primary tumours in a population is difficult since the occurrence probability is conditioned to the survival probability.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We proposed to apply Markov models studying the transition intensities from first to second tumour with the Aalen-Johansen (AJ) estimators, as usually done in competing risk models. In a simulation study we applied the proposed method in different settings with constant or varying underlying intensities and applying age standardisation. In addition, we illustrated the method with data on breast cancer from the Piedmont Cancer Registry.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The simulation study showed that the person-years approach led to a sensibly wider bias than the AJ estimators. The largest bias was observed assuming constantly increasing incidence rates. However, this situation is rather uncommon dealing with subsequent tumours incidence. In 9233 cases with breast cancer occurred in women resident in Turin, Italy, between 1985 and 1998 we observed a significant increased risk of 1.91 for subsequent cancer of corpus uteri, estimated with the age-standardised Aalen-Johansen incidence ratio (AJ-IR^stand), and a significant increased risk of 1.29 for cancer possibly related to the radiotherapy of breast cancer. The peak of occurrence of those cancers was observed after 8 years of follow-up.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The increased risk of a cancer of the corpus uteri, also observed in other studies, is usually interpreted as the common shared risk factors such as low parity, early menarche and late onset of menopause. We also grouped together those cancers possibly associated to a previous local radiotherapy: the cumulative risk at 14 years is still not significant, however the AJ estimators showed a significant risk peak between the eighth and the ninth year. Finally, the proposed approach has been shown to be reliable and informative under several aspects. It allowed for a correct estimation of the risk, and for investigating the time trend of the subsequent cancer occurrence.</p

Partial substitution of cottonseed meal by mata pasto (Cassia serica) hay in rations for lambs in northeast Brazil.

Abstract presented at annual meeting of the American Society of Animal Science and Canadian Society of Animal Science, 1982, Ontario

Desenvolvimento de gramados submetidos à aplicação de retardadores de crescimento em diferentes condições de luminosidade Development of turfgrass submitted to application of growth regulators under different light conditions

Com o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento das gramas Bermuda (Cynodon dactylon), Esmeralda (Zoysia japonica) e São Carlos (Axonopus compressus) submetidas a subdoses de herbicidas e reguladores de crescimento em duas condições de luminosidade, três experimentos foram conduzidos em estufa plástica em Paraguaçu Paulista-SP, de setembro a dezembro de 2006. Para cada espécie de grama, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6 x 2, com quatro repetições; foram estudados dois reguladores de crescimento (trinexapac-ethyl e ethephon) e três herbicidas aplicados em subdoses (clethodim, imazethapyr e metsulfuron-methyl) e uma testemunha sem aplicação. Todos os tratamentos foram avaliados em duas condições de luminosidade, representadas por ausência de sombreamento (0%) e sombreamento parcial (50%). Os resultados obtidos aos 63 dias após aplicação evidenciaram que o trinexapac-ethyl (250 g ha¹), clethodim (12 g ha-1) e imazethapyr (12 g ha-1) apresentaram-se como os melhores retardadores do desenvolvimento vegetativo das gramas C. dactylon (65,8, 29,6 e 18,7%), Z. japonica (66,2, 40,7 e 49,7%) e A. compressus (56,5, 10,3 e 17,2%) e da emissão de inflorescências de C. dactylon (100,0, 95,9 e 89,6%), em baixa e alta luminosidade. Os tratamentos ethephon (300 g ha-1) e metsulfuron-methyl (3,6 g ha-1) destacaram-se como as melhores opções para redução do desenvolvimento vegetativo (15,5 e 26,7%) e da matéria seca das raízes (34,7 e 33,9%) da grama São Carlos (A. compressus), quando comparados ao trinexapac-ethyl. Para gramados de C. dactylon e Z. japonica, em condições em que a preservação da estética é fundamental, os herbicidas clethodim e imazethapyr podem substituir o regulador de crescimento trinexapac-ethyl, em razão do menor dano visual no gramado. Novos estudos com reguladores de crescimentos e subdoses de herbicidas devem ser conduzidos com outras gramas cultivadas, de forma a viabilizar recomendações eficientes e seguras, com embasamento em informações científicas geradas em condições brasileiras.<br>In order to evaluate the development of the grass species Bermuda (Cynodon dactylon), Emerald (Zoysia japonica) and Broadleaf Carpetgrass (Axonopus compressus) submitted to herbicide sub doses and growth regulators under two light conditions, three experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at Paraguaçu Paulista from September to December, 2006. For each grass species, the experimental design used was completely randomized, in a factorial scheme 6 x 2, with four replications, using two growth regulators (trinexapac-ethyl and ethephon), three herbicides applied in sub doses (clethodim, imazethapyr and metsulfuron-methyl), and a check without application. All treatments were evaluated under two light conditions, represented by plastic greenhouse (total light) and plastic greenhouse + shading 50% (partial light).The results obtained at 63 days after application showed that trinexapac-ethyl (250 g ha-1), clethodim (12 g ha-1) and imazethapyr (12 g ha-1) were the best growth regulators for the vegetative development of C. dactylon (65.8, 29.6 and 18.7%), Z. japonica (66.2, 40.7 and 49.7%) and A. compressus (56.5, 10.3 and 17.2%) grasses and for inflorescence emission of C. dactylon (100.0, 95.9 and 89.6%), under high and low luminosity. Ethephon (300 g ha 1) and metsulfuron-methyl (3.6 g ha-1) treatments were found to be the best options for reducing vegetative development (15.5 and 26.7%) and root dry matter (34.7 and 33.9%) of São Carlos grass (A. compressus), compared to trinexapac-ethyl. For C. dactylon and Z. japonica turf grass, under conditions where aesthetics preservation is fundamental, clethodim and imazethapyr may substitute trinexapac-ethyl growth regulator on account of the smaller visual damage in the grass. Further studies with growth regulators and herbicide sub doses must be conducted with other cultivated grasses to enable efficient and safe recommendations, based on scientific information generated from Brazilian conditions

Tendências comportamentais frente à saúde de imigrantes brasileiros em Portugal Behavioral health trends of Brazilian immigrants in Portugal

Este estudo teve como objetivo principal obter um conhecimento das condições e configurações das formações de imigrantes brasileiros no contexto português. De modo mais específico, procurou-se determinar quais fatores influenciam a busca, pelos imigrantes, dos serviços de saúde existentes no país acolhedor. A amostra foi composta por 75 brasileiros que vivem em Portugal, sendo 35 homens e 40 mulheres. Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário sociodemográfico e analisados por meio de estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais. Os resultados mostraram um perfil atualmente crescente do imigrante brasileiro em Portugal e a sua inserção em um grupo de risco social, refletido nas suas precárias condições psicológicas, sociais e, mais especificamente, no campo da saúde.<br>This study aimed to understand the main conditions and setting of the Brazilian immigrants formations in the Portuguese context. Specifically, the aim was to clarify which factors contribute to determine the searching for Health services in the host country. The sample was consisted by 75 Brazilians who live in Portugal, from which 35 were men and 40 were women. The data were collected by a socio-demographic questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed an increasing of a Brazilian Immigrants' profile in Portugal, and the insertion of such into a group of social risk, reflected in their psychological and social conditions, and more specifically in the Health field