Multiple regression models between RQ¹, REE², physical activity (dependant variables) and birth-weight, age, gender³ and H²/Z₂₀₀(independent variables).

1<p>Respiratory quotient.</p>2<p>Resting energy expenditure.</p>3<p>girls = 1 and boys = 0.</p>4<p>**P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ns: non significant.</p>5<p>Residual H²/Z₂₀₀ on age.</p

Mean percentage, per group, of children who consumed one item of the food group.

<p>S-O: stunted-overweight children (n = 18), S: Stunted children (n = 34), O: Overweight children (n = 37), NSNO: Non-stunted-Non Overweight children (n = 59). p-values correspond to the Pearson’s chi-squared test; ns =  non significant. Relationships do exist between the consumption of “meat-poultry-fish-eggs” and the different nutritional status of children (p = 0.006): S-O children are less likely to consume these items than NSNO (p = 0.01), O (p = 0.01) and S (p = 0.001) children.</p

Respiratory quotient (RQ) and resting energy expenditure (REE) of subjects.

1<p>Age adjusted.</p>2<p>Age and sex adjusted.</p>3***<p><i>P<</i>0.001, ns: non significant.</p

Mean dietary diversity score (DDS) for each group of children.

<p>S-O: stunted-overweight children (n = 19), S: Stunted children (n = 35), O: Overweight children (n = 38), NSNO: Non-stunted-Non Overweight children (n = 59). p-value corresponds to the analysis of variance between the four groups. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. S-O children have a significantly less diversified diet than O children (p = 0.01, post hoc pair-wise comparison).</p

Physical activity for the four groups of children (gender, age and “being at school” adjusted).

1<p>C = counts/minute.</p>2<p>*<i>P<</i>0.05, ***<i>P<</i>0.001, ns: non significant.</p

Characteristics of the four groups of subjects.

1<p>HAZ: height-for-age z-score; WAZ: weight-for-age z-score; R₅₀: resistance at 50 kHz; Z₂₀₀: Impedance at 200 Hz.</p>2<p>Sex and prematurity adjusted.</p>3<p>Age, gender and weight adjusted.</p>4*<p><i>P<</i>0.05, ***<i>P<</i>0.001, ns: non significant.</p

Development and Validation of the Body Size Scale for Assessing Body Weight Perception in African Populations

<div><p>Background</p><p>The social valorisation of overweight in African populations could promote high-risk eating behaviours and therefore become a risk factor of obesity. However, existing scales to assess body image are usually not accurate enough to allow comparative studies of body weight perception in different African populations. This study aimed to develop and validate the Body Size Scale (BSS) to estimate African body weight perception.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Anthropometric measures of 80 Cameroonians and 81 Senegalese were used to evaluate three criteria of adiposity: body mass index (BMI), overall percentage of fat, and endomorphy (fat component of the somatotype). To develop the BSS, the participants were photographed in full face and profile positions. Models were selected for their representativeness of the wide variability in adiposity with a progressive increase along the scale. Then, for the validation protocol, participants self-administered the BSS to assess self-perceived current body size (CBS), desired body size (DBS) and provide a “body self-satisfaction index.” This protocol included construct validity, test-retest reliability and convergent validity and was carried out with three independent samples of respectively 201, 103 and 1115 Cameroonians.</p><p>Results</p><p>The BSS comprises two sex-specific scales of photos of 9 models each, and ordered by increasing adiposity. Most participants were able to correctly order the BSS by increasing adiposity, using three different words to define body size. Test-retest reliability was consistent in estimating CBS, DBS and the “body self-satisfaction index.” The CBS was highly correlated to the objective BMI, and two different indexes assessed with the BSS were consistent with declarations obtained in interviews.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The BSS is the first scale with photos of real African models taken in both full face and profile and representing a wide and representative variability in adiposity. The validation protocol proved its reliability for estimating body weight perception in Africans.</p></div

Somatotype profiles of female candidates as models for the BSS.

<p>In somatocharts, mesomorphy is represented by the vertical axis pointing upward; endomorphy by the horizontal axis pointing to the left; and ectomorphy by the horizontal axis pointing to the right. The red diamonds represent Cameroonian females and the purple ones Senegalese females. The red circle indicates the mean profile of Cameroonians and the purple one the mean profile of Senegalese.</p

Results of the structural equation models: Mediating effects in the association between antenatal maternal anxiety and children’s cognitive development at 2 and 3 years.

<p>Results of the structural equation models: Mediating effects in the association between antenatal maternal anxiety and children’s cognitive development at 2 and 3 years.</p

Male Body Size Scale.

<p>The scale shows 9 Black male models from front and left side-views, and ordered by increasing adiposity. The table gives the levels of endomorphy component, body fat percentage and body mass index corresponding to each model.</p